Protein Audio
There is no charge for the audio on this website. The audio files are being gifted to humanity. There is no copyright.
The audio files may be freely shared by everybody. Additionally, no patents for the proprietary software tools and methods have been, nor ever will be, applied.
To safeguard against nefarious use, the software creation tools and creation method cannot be provided. Please don't ask.
Proteins, peptides, DNA & RNA are the building blocks of life, consisting of chains of amino acids. Using audio to simulate or inhibit amino acid sequences is an innovative concept that involves converting the sequence and structures of these biological molecules into their own special signature sound.
Each amino acid within a peptide or protein sequence is assigned a unique tone based on its mono-isotopic mass. The sequence or "signature" of audio tones sends a propagation wave through the protein "backbone". Many health issues can be addressed through the use of these audios.
Joel Sternheimer wrote several patents describing the process. Irena Cosic et al developed an alternative method using RRM. The audio files provided here build on the findings of these scientists (and others) to bring protein synthesis and suppression to an exciting new level.
Right-click to download the audio files.
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (Inhibit)
This enzyme regulates the conversion of cortisone to its active form, cortisol, in fat tissues. High levels of cortisol in fat tissues have been associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Inhibitors of 11-beta-HSD1 have been studied for their ability to reduce visceral fat and improve insulin sensitivity.
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 (SRD5A2) (Inhibit)
The human gene SRD5A2 encodes the 3-oxo-5a-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 enzyme, also known as 5a-reductase type 2 (5aR2), one of three isozymes of 5a-reductase. 5aR2 catalyzes the conversion of the male sex hormone testosterone into the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, which plays a crucial role in the external genitalia virilization and progesterone or corticosterone into their corresponding 5-alpha-3-oxosteroids. DHT has different roles in different life stages for males mainly during fetal development and puberty. Unlike testosterone, DHT doesn't play a significant role in maintaining male physiology in adulthood. Effects mainly include prostate enlargement and male pattern hair loss in adulthood. Once its freely flowing through your bloodstream, DHT can then link to receptors on hair follicles in your scalp, causing them to shrink and become less capable of supporting a healthy head of hair. And DHTs potential to cause harm goes beyon d your hair. Research has linked especially abnormally high levels of it to: enlarged prostate prostate cancer polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 5a-Reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) have shown efficacy in reducing hair loss and stimulating hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia. 5ARIs are effective in women with hyperandrogenism and alopecia, with evidence also supporting their use in normoandrogenic postmenopausal women.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 (Simulate)
An energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy balance and metabolism regulation within cells. This subunit is part of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) complex, which plays an essential role in cellular energy homeostasis. The beta-1 subunit functions as a scaffold to anchor the alpha and gamma subunits and can also bind glycogen, linking the AMPK activity to glycogen metabolism.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 (Simulate)
An energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy balance and metabolism regulation within cells. The gamma-1 subunit is one of the regulatory subunits of AMPK, playing a key role in the enzyme's activation and function.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 (Simulate)
An energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy balance and metabolism regulation within cells. This subunit is part of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays a significant role in cellular energy homeostasis. The gamma-2 subunit is crucial for the regulation of AMPK activity.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3 (Simulate)
An energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy balance and metabolism regulation within cells. This subunit is part of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays a significant role in cellular energy homeostasis. The AMPK gamma3 subunit is a non-catalytic subunit with a regulatory role in muscle energy metabolism.
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (serotonin 1A receptor) (Simulate)
This receptor plays a significant role in neurotransmission and is a target for various therapeutic agents, particularly in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior. Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli.
Aggregates form Lewy bodies.
Suppressing the proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease, such as amyloid-beta (AB) and tau, has been a major focus in Alzheimer's research. Amyloid-beta accumulates to form plaques in the brain, which are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. These plaques are believed to disrupt cell communication and activate immune responses that lead to inflammation and cell death.
Provides structural support, involved in cell motility, division, and signaling.
ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) (Inhibit)
Promotes vasoconstriction, high levels contribute to disease. Displays several functions associated with host defense: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling, phagocytosis and complement fixation through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine. Can interact with DNA and histones and may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) (Inhibit)
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) is a key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, playing critical roles in metabolism and energy homeostasis. ACC1 influences lipid metabolism, which is crucial for maintaining energy balance in cells and throughout the body. ACC1 is a target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Inhibitors of ACC1 can potentially reduce fatty acid synthesis, decrease fat storage, and improve insulin sensitivity, making them interesting candidates for the treatment of these conditions. Elevated activity of ACC1 has been observed in several types of cancer, where fatty acid synthesis is often upregulated to support rapid cell growth. Targeting ACC1 in cancer cells can potentially disrupt their lipid metabolism, impacting their proliferation and survival. Modulating ACC1 activity could help in managing dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) (Inhibit)
Simultaneous inhibition of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) isozymes ACC1 and ACC2 results in concomitant inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and may favorably affect the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.
Acyl-CoA 6-desaturase (FADS2) (Simulate)
Involved in the biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors, acting as a fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 6 of the fatty acyl chain. Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in this pathway which is the desaturation of LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3) into gamma-linoleate (GLA) (18:3n-6) and stearidonate (18:4n-3), respectively. Subsequently, in the biosynthetic pathway of HUFA n-3 series, it desaturates tetracosapentaenoate (24:5n-3) to tetracosahexaenoate (24:6n-3), which is then converted to docosahexaenoate (DHA)(22:6n-3), an important lipid for nervous system function. Desaturates hexadecanate (palmitate) to produce 6Z-hexadecenoate (sapienate), a fatty acid unique to humans and major component of human sebum, that has been implic ated in the development of acne and may have potent antibacterial activity. It can also desaturate (11E)-octadecenoate (trans-vaccenoate, the predominant trans fatty acid in human milk) at carbon 6 generating (6Z,11E)-octadecadienoate. In addition to Delta-6 activity, this enzyme exhibits Delta-8 activity with slight biases toward n-3 fatty acyl-CoA substrates.
Acyl-CoA (8-3)-desaturase (FADS1) (Simulate)
Acts as a front-end fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 5 located between a preexisting double bond and the carboxyl end of the fatty acyl chain. Involved in biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors. Specifically, desaturates dihomo-gamma-linoleoate (DGLA) (20:3n-6) and eicosatetraenoate (ETA) (20:4n-3) to generate arachidonate (AA) (20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoate (EPA) (20:5n-3), respectively (PubMed:10601301, PubMed:10769175). As a rate limiting enzyme for DGLA (20:3n-6) and AA (20:4n-6)-derived eicosanoid biosynthesis, controls the metabolism of inflammatory lipids like prostaglandin E2, critical for efficient acute inflammatory response and maintenance of epithelium homeostasis. Contributes to membrane phospholipid biosynthesis by providing AA (20:4n-6) as a major acyl ch ain esterified into phospholipids. In particular, regulates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate levels, modulating inflammatory cytokine production in T-cells. Also desaturates (11E)-octadecenoate (trans-vaccenoate)(18:1n-9), a metabolite in the biohydrogenation pathway of LA (18:2n-6). Does not exhibit any catalytic activity toward 20:3n-6, but it may enhance FADS2 activity.
Adenosine receptor A2a (Inhibit)
CBD's inhibition of adenosine reuptake leads to increased adenosine levels, which can have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. This interaction is relevant for its potential use in neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory conditions.
May improve the management of calcium oxalate kidney stones by converting oxalates to alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid, which can be eliminated through normal metabolic pathways. Plays an important role in preventing excessive oxalate buildup in the body, especially in cases of mast cell activation syndrome, lithiasis or histamine intolerance.
Patients with lupus have an imbalance in a crucial chemical pathway in their bodies, according to a Nature study published on Wednesday. Researchers found that this imbalance produces more disease-causing cells that promote lupus. If this chemical imbalance can be corrected, they believe lupus can be reversed. Current lupus treatments often target symptoms or broadly suppress the immune system, leading to side effects. The researchers believe targeting the specific chemical imbalance identified could more effectively treat lupus without systemic immunosuppression interventions. Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack its own tissues and organs, including the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. There is currently no cure for lupus. The chemical that researchers identified is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). AHR is a key protein involved in the imbalance of immune cells in lupus patients. It regulates the bodys response to environmental pollutants, bacteria, and metabolites. While AHR is present in all cells, it is not always active. Related Stories Researchers found that lupus patients have reduced AHR activity. This reduction leads to an increase in follicular and peripheral T helper cells, which are involved in inflammation and autoimmunity. However, when AHR activity increases, these T-cells are reprogrammed to be T-cells that promote wound healing and barrier protection.' https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07627-2
The AKT1 protein is a key player in the PI3KAKTmTOR signaling pathway. This pathway is crucial for regulating cell survival, growth, proliferation, and metabolism. Dysregulation of AKT signaling is associated with various cancers and other diseases.
Alanine aminotransferase 1 (Simulate)
Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. Participates in cellular nitrogen metabolism and also in liver gluconeogenesis starting with precursors transported from skeletal muscles. Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy.
Alanine aminotransferase 2 (or Glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2)) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 is a gene that encodes a mitochondrial alanine transaminase, a pyridoxal enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to generate pyruvate and glutamate. Alanine transaminases play roles in gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism in many tissues including skeletal muscle, kidney, and liver. Activating transcription factor 4 upregulates this gene under metabolic stress conditions in hepatocyte cell lines. A loss of function mutation in this gene has been associated with developmental encephalopathy.
Maintains osmotic pressure in the blood and serves as a carrier for various substances including hormones, vitamins, and drugs.
Promotes sodium retention, high levels contribute to disease.
ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase) (Inhibit)
Neuronal receptor tyrosine kinase that is essentially and transiently expressed in specific regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems and plays an important role in the genesis and differentiation of the nervous system. Also acts as a key thinness protein involved in the resistance to weight gain: in hypothalamic neurons, controls energy expenditure acting as a negative regulator of white adipose tissue lipolysis and sympathetic tone to fine-tune energy homeostasis.
Alliin lyase 2 (Allium sativum) (Simulate)
Able to cleave the C-S bond of sulfoxide derivatives of Cys to produce allicin, thus giving rise to all sulfur compounds which are responsible for most of the properties of garlic, such as the specific smell and flavor as well as the health benefits like blood lipid or blood pressure lowering.
Alpha-4-beta-7 integrin (Inhibit)
Facilitates the movement of white blood cells into inflamed tissues. Inhibiting reduces gut inflammation selectively. Implicated in Crohn's disease.
Alpha-Synuclein (SNCA) (Inhibit)
Parkinson's Disease. Involved in synaptic vesicle regulation aggregation leads to Lewy body formation and neuronal death.
AMA1 (Apical Membrane Antigen 1) (Inhibit)
Important for cell invasion.
Amelogenin is a key protein involved in the formation of dental enamel, the hard, protective outer layer of teeth. It is essential in the early stages of enamel development, where it plays a structural and regulatory role in creating the unique crystalline structure of enamel. Amelogenin is produced by cells called ameloblasts during a process called amelogenesis. Amelogenin acts as a scaffold for enamel mineralization. It helps control the organization and orientation of enamel crystals as they grow, guiding them to form a strong and resilient structure. In early enamel formation, amelogenin provides a framework around which enamel crystals begin to develop, influencing their shape and size. During enamel maturation, amelogenin is gradually broken down by enzymes such as MMP-20 (metalloproteinase-20) and kallikrein-4 (KLK4). This breakdown allows enamel crystals to grow more densely and the enamel to harden. Without this gradual removal of amelogenin, enamel would not reach its fully hardened and mineralized state.
AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase) (Simulate)
Regulates energy balance, beneficial.
Amylin (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide, IAPP) (Simulate)
Amylin (IAPP) is co-secreted with insulin and plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism and satiety. Both NPY and Amylin have potential roles in obesity and diabetes management.
Acts directly on vascular smooth muscle as a potent vasoconstrictor, affects cardiac contractility and heart rate through its action on the sympathetic nervous system, and alters renal sodium and water absorption through its ability to stimulate the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete aldosterone. Promotes vasoconstriction, high levels contribute to disease.
Angiotensin 2 receptor type 1 (AGTR1) (Inhibit)
May be helpful following covid vaccination.
Angiotensin 2 receptor type 2 (AGTR2) (Simulate)
May be helpful following covid vaccination.
AR is a nuclear hormone receptor that plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics and prostate cancer progression. AR signaling is essential for prostate cancer cell growth, and therapies often target androgen deprivation to inhibit AR activity.
Antibodies (Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1) (Simulate)
Crucial components of the immune system, responsible for identifying and neutralizing pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) (Simulate)
Tumor suppressor. Promotes rapid degradation of CTNNB1 and participates in Wnt signaling as a negative regulator. APC activity is correlated with its phosphorylation state. Activates the GEF activity of SPATA13 and ARHGEF4. Plays a role in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced cell migration. Required for MMP9 up-regulation via the JNK signaling pathway in colorectal tumor cells. Associates with both microtubules and actin filaments, components of the cytoskeleton.
ApoB (Apolipoprotein B) (Inhibit)
High levels contribute to disease.
APOE (Apolipoprotein E) (Inhibit)
Alzheimer's Disease. Involved in lipid metabolism - the APOE4 allele increases the risk of Alzheimer's.
Key element of the urea cycle converting L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine, which is further metabolized into metabolites proline and polyamides that drive collagen synthesis and bioenergetic pathways critical for cell proliferation, respectively; the urea cycle takes place primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys. Curated Functions in L-arginine homeostasis in nonhepatic tissues characterized by the competition between nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase for the available intracellular substrate arginine. Arginine metabolism is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Involved in an antimicrobial effector pathway in polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). Upon PMN cell death is liberated from the phagolysosome and depletes arginine in the microenvironment leading to suppressed T cell and natural killer (NK) cell proliferation and cytokine secretion (PubMed:15546957, PubMed:16709924, PubMed:19380772). In group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) promotes acute type 2 inflammation in the lung and is involved in optimal ILC2 proliferation but not survival. In humans, the immunological role in the monocytic/macrophage/dendritic cell (DC) lineage is unsure. The urea cycle is the process responsible for converting toxic ammonia into urea, which can then be eliminated through your urine (pee). The urea cycle involves multiple steps, each requiring a different enzyme. These enzymes include: N-acetyl-glutamate synthase (NAGS). Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS). Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC). Argininosuccinate synthetase (AS). Argininosuccinic acid lyase (ASL). Arginase (ARG1). A deficiency in any of these enzymes results in impaired function of your urea cycle, which leads to a buildup of ammonia in your blood. A deficiency in any of these enzymes is co nsidered a urea cycle disorder (UCD). UCDs can result in acute and/or chronic hyperammonemia. UCDs are congenital conditions (conditions youre born with). Newborns who have a complete deficiency in one of the urea cycle enzymes typically develop acute hyperammonemia within 24 to 72 hours of being born. In milder or partial urea cycle enzyme deficiencies, ammonia buildup may be triggered at almost any time of life by illness or stress. UCDs are responsible for 23% of acute hyperammonemia cases in critically ill children.
Inhibiting Arginase-1 activity can restore L-arginine levels, thereby enhancing the function of immune cells such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. This can improve the anti-tumor immune response. Arginase-1 inhibitors can be used in combination with other therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, to boost their efficacy. Cancer cells often have altered metabolism, and targeting metabolic enzymes like Arginase-1 can disrupt the metabolic adaptations that tumors use to survive and grow. The expression levels of Arginase-1 in tumors and immune cells can serve as a biomarker for prognosis and the effectiveness of certain therapies. High levels of Arginase-1 are often associated with poorer outcomes due to its role in immune suppression.
Argininosuccinate synthase (Simulate)
One of the enzymes of the urea cycle, the metabolic pathway transforming neurotoxic amonia produced by protein catabolism into inocuous urea in the liver of ureotelic animals. Catalyzes the formation of arginosuccinate from aspartate, citrulline and ATP and together with ASL it is responsible for the biosynthesis of arginine in most body tissues.
Argininosuccinate synthase Gene ASS1 (Simulate)
One of the enzymes of the urea cycle, the metabolic pathway transforming neurotoxic amonia produced by protein catabolism into inocuous urea in the liver of ureotelic animals. Catalyzes the formation of arginosuccinate from aspartate, citrulline and ATP and together with ASL it is responsible for the biosynthesis of arginine in most body tissues. The urea cycle is the process responsible for converting toxic ammonia into urea, which can then be eliminated through your urine (pee). The urea cycle involves multiple steps, each requiring a different enzyme. These enzymes include: N-acetyl-glutamate synthase (NAGS). Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS). Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC). Argininosuccinate synthetase (AS). Argininosuccinic acid lyase (ASL). Arginase (ARG1). A deficiency in any of these enzymes results in impaired function of your urea cycle, which leads to a buildup of ammonia in your blood. A deficiency in any of these enzymes is considered a urea cycle disorder (UCD). UCDs can result in acute and/or chronic hyperammonemia.
Anti-aromatases (or aromatase inhibitors) are drugs that compete with aromatase, an enzyme that enables the body to continue producing estrogens by transforming androgens in post-menopausal women. Between puberty and the menopause, estrogen is largely produced by the ovaries. After menopause, the ovaries stop producing estrogen, but the body continues to make a small amount through hormones called androgens, which are produced by the adrenal glands (small glands above the kidneys). Androgens are converted into estrogens by an enzyme called aromatase. This aromatase is present in a number of body cells, including adipose cells (fat cells). Anti-aromatases prevent the action of aromatase, i.e. androgens are no longer converted into estrogens (estrogens which play a role in the growth of certain cancer cells). The estrogens have disappeared, and can therefore no longer bind to the receptors of the hormone-sensitive tumour cell to stimulate its growth. As a result, tumor cell growth is halted.
ATP-citrate synthase (ACLY) (Inhibit)
Researchers found that ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), an enzyme involved in converting citrate to acetyl-CoA, plays a critical role in activating SASP. This discovery was made using advanced sequencing and bioinformatics analyses on human fibroblasts, a type of cell found throughout the body. They demonstrated that blocking ACLY activity, either genetically or with inhibitors, significantly reduced the expression of inflammation-related genes in aging cells. This suggests that ACLY is a crucial factor in maintaining the pro-inflammatory environment in aged tissues. Furthermore, the study revealed that ACLY-derived acetyl-CoA modifies histones, proteins that DNA wraps around, allowing the chromatin reader BRD4 to activate inflammatory genes. By targeting the ACLY-BRD4 pathway, the researchers were able to suppress inflammation responses in aged mice, highlighting the potential of ACLY inhibitors in controlling chronic inflammation while maintaining healthy aging.
Pro-apoptotic protein critical for inducing cell death under stress.
BAX promotes apoptosis in response to cellular stress.
Bcl-2 is a key regulator of apoptosis (programmed cell death) and plays a crucial role in the survival of many cell types, including cancer cells. Overexpression of Bcl-2 is often associated with resistance to apoptosis and is a hallmark of many types of cancer.
Beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) (Simulate)
Disease Alzheimer's Disease. Cleavage of APP leads to the formation of beta-amyloid plaques, which are associated with neurodegeneration.
Beta-nerve Growth Factor (Simulate)
Beta nerve growth factor (NGF) is the biologically active part of the nerve growth factor (NGF) structure. NGF is a neurotrophin that helps neurons survive, grow, and differentiate. The NGF gene provides instructions for making a protein called nerve growth factor beta (NGF). This protein is important in the development and survival of nerve cells (neurons), especially those that transmit pain, temperature, and touch sensations (sensory neurons). Source: https://medlineplus. gov/genetics/gene/ngf/#synonyms.
BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide) (Simulate)
Hormone that plays a key role in mediating cardio-renal homeostasis, and is involved in vascular remodeling and regulating energy metabolism. High levels indicate disease but also protective.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5 (BMP5) (Simulate)
Induces cartilage and bone formation. BMP5 stands for Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5. BMP5 is a protein that is a member of the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) superfamily of proteins. BMP5 is encoded by the BMP5 gene in humans. BMP5 is involved in many biological processes, including: Regulating cell proliferation, migration, and axonal guidance of neurons in the developing nervous system Increasing the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive locus coeruleus neurons Dorsal pattern specification | BMP5 is expressed in normal synovial tissue, but its levels decrease in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Diseases associated with BMP5 include osteoarthritis and infiltrating angiolipoma. BMP5 may also play a role in certain cancers. Alterations in BMP5 have been reported in lung squamous carcinoma datasets, with alteration frequencies of over 60%.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 (BMP6) (Simulate)
Induces cartilage and bone formation.|BMP6 stands for Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6. BMP6 is a protein that's part of the TGF superfamily and is known for its ability to help bones and cartilage grow. It's produced by bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various tissues. BMP6 is involved in many processes, including:| Bone and cartilage growth: BMPs are known for their ability to help bones and cartilage grow. Ovarian follicle development: BMP6 is involved in regulating ovarian follicle development in mammals. | Bone coupling: BMP6 is released by osteoclasts to recruit osteoblasts to the resorption site. Glucose homeostasis: BMP6 may help lower plasma glucose in diabetic mice.| Pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis:| BMP6 regulates osteopenia, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis|. Cognitive performa nce and Alzheimer's disease: Blood BMP6 levels may be associated with cognitive performance and Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. | BMPs are used in bone fusion procedures, but they can be costly and may cause allergic reactions.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 8 A (BMP8A) (Simulate)
Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis. Signaling protein involved in regulation of thermogenesis and energy balance. Proposed to increase the peripheral response of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to adrenergic stimulation while acting centrally in the hypothalamus to increase sympathetic output to BAT.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 8 B (BMP8B) (Simulate)
Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis.|Results indicate that BMP8B is a thermogenic protein that regulates energy balance in partnership with hypothalamic AMPK.| Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12164.
BPC-157's function is to help with the body's regenerative process, which aids your cells in restoring the body by increasing the body's cellular production cycle. These benefits are most evident in injuries that result in muscle or tendon tears. Treats gastric ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, tendon injuries, ligament injuries, joint pain and erectile dysfunction. Also promotes wound healing, speeds up tissue regeneration, reduces inflammation, increases blood flow, relieves joint pain, boosts immune function, and improves muscle strength and endurance.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (Simulate)
Protein produced inside your nerve cells to help your brain to communicate and function properly. Important signaling molecule that activates signaling cascades downstream of NTRK2 (PubMed:11152678). During development, promotes the survival and differentiation of selected neuronal populations of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Participates in axonal growth, pathfinding and in the modulation of dendritic growth and morphology. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the CNS. The versatility of BDNF is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentiation, long-term depression, certain forms of short-term synaptic plasticity, as well as homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32 (Simulate)
Cardiac hormone that plays a key role in mediating cardio-renal homeostasis. May also function as a paracrine antifibrotic factor in the heart. Acts by specifically binding and stimulating NPR1 to produce cGMP, which in turn activates effector proteins that drive various biological responses. Involved in regulating the extracellular fluid volume and maintaining the fluid-electrolyte balance through natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. Binds the clearance receptor NPR3. May affect cardio-renal homeostasis. Plasma levels of natriuretic peptides B, brain natriuretic peptide 32 and NT-proBNP are widely used for screening and diagnosis of heart failure (HF), as these markers are typically higher in patients with severe HF.
Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) (Simulate)
This kinase is involved in the regulation of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, which is crucial for the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids like leucine, isoleucine, and valine. May be helpful for autism.
BRCA1 helps repair DNA breaks and is linked to breast and ovarian cancer risks.
BRCA2, like BRCA1, also plays a significant role in DNA repair.
Derived from the fruit of pineapples. Often considered milder compared to stem bromelain. Its activity can also be influenced more by the pH and the presence of inhibitors. Often used in the culinary industry, particularly for meat tenderizing, due to its ability to break down proteins. It's also used in cosmetics and as a dietary supplement.
Derived from the stems of pineapples. Stem bromelain generally has a broader range of components and may contain more peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and protease inhibitors. Typically used for its strong proteolytic (protein-digesting) and milk-clotting abilities. It is effective over a wide range of pH levels, making it versatile in various industrial applications. More commonly used in the medical and supplemental fields due to its therapeutic properties. It has been studied for use in various health conditions, including inflammation, digestion, and wound healing.
Bromelain, Papain, Lysozyme and Serratiopeptidase (Simulate)
Enzymes can play a role in the natural defense against viruses, highlighting the potential of natural substances in antiviral strategies. They have the ability to break down bacterial cell walls and are thought to have antiviral effects by disrupting viral envelopes. They also have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.
Involved in regulation of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of multiple N-terminal glutamate residues. Seems to inhibit gamma-carboxylase GGCX. Binds 7 calcium ions with a low affinity. Diseases associated with CALU include Coumarin Resistance and Warfarin Sensitivity. Among its related pathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)| Source: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.plgene=CALU.
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) (Simulate)
Involved in the urea cycle of ureotelic animals where the enzyme plays an important role in removing excess ammonia from the cell.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (P50416) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group of long-chain fatty acid-CoA conjugates onto carnitine, an essential step for the mitochondrial uptake of long-chain fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation in the mitochondrion. Possesses also a lysine succinyltransferase activity that can regulate enzymatic activity of substrate proteins such as ENO1 and metabolism independent of its classical carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity. Plays an important role in hepatic triglyceride metabolism. Plays also a role in inducible regulatory T-cell (iTreg) differentiation once activated by butyryl-CoA that antagonizes malonyl-CoA-mediated CPT1A repression. Sustains the IFN-I response by recruiting ZDHCC4 to palmitoylate MAVS at the mitochondria leading to MAVS stabilization and activation (PubMed:38016475). Promotes ROS-induced oxidative stress in liver injury via modulation of NFE2L2 and NLRP3-mediated signaling pathways.
Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide composed of two amino acids, beta-alanine and histidine, and is primarily found in muscle and brain tissues. It has a range of potential health benefits, largely due to its antioxidant, anti-aging, and muscle-protective properties. Carnosine is a potent antioxidant, which helps neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage. Carnosine prevents glycation, a process in which sugar molecules attach to proteins and fats, leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are linked to aging and various chronic diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. By inhibiting glycation, carnosine may help slow down aging processes, especially in the skin and other tissues susceptible to glycation damage. Research suggests that carnosine may help delay cellular senescence (aging of cells), which contributes to tissue and organ aging. This property has sparked interest in carnosine as a potential anti-aging supplement. Carnosine helps buffer acid in muscles, which can delay muscle fatigue during intense exercise. This makes it beneficial for athletes or anyone engaging in high-intensity workouts. Carnosine may aid in muscle recovery by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are common after strenuous exercise. Carnosine has been shown to protect brain cells from oxidative stress and metal toxicity, which are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinsons. Carnosine may help reduce excitotoxicity, a process that damages nerve cells due to excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters. This is relevant to brain health, as excitotoxicity is associated with various neurodegenerative conditions. Cardiovascular Protection: Carnosine may help protect the heart and blood vessels from oxidative damage and inflammation, which are contributors to cardiovascular disease. By preventing the formation of AGEs, carnosine can support healthier blood vessels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and other vascular problems. As an antioxidant, carnosine can help protect immune cells from oxidative stress, supporting overall immune function. Carnosine eye drops are sometimes used to treat or prevent cataracts due to their ability to prevent protein glycation and oxidative damage in the lens. There is some evidence that carnosine may protect retinal cells and support eye health, particularly under conditions that contribute to glaucoma. Carnosine has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce chronic low-grade inflammation, a contributor to various chronic diseases like arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Since carnosine helps inhibit the formation of AGEs, it may reduce complications associated with diabetes, including kidney damage, neuropathy, and eye damage. Some studies suggest carnosine may help improve insulin sensitivity, potentially benefiting those with insulin resistance.
Carnosine N-methyltransferase (Simulate)
Enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of carnosine, a dipeptide composed of beta-alanine and histidine. Carnosine is known for its roles as an antioxidant, metal ion chelator, and pH buffer, as well as its potential anti-aging and anti-glycation effects. Methylation could potentially affect these properties. Carnosine has neuroprotective effects, and its methylated derivatives might have distinct roles in protecting neural tissues from oxidative damage or excitotoxicity. In skeletal muscle, carnosine plays a role in buffering hydrogen ions and reducing fatigue. Methylation might influence its efficacy in this capacity. Carnosine is studied for its potential in combating glycation and oxidative stress, which are implicated in aging and chronic diseases. Understanding the function of its methylated forms could lead to new therapeutic insights.
Caspases are crucial for programmed cell death.
Research suggests that premature bleaching of hair and body hair may be linked to reduced levels of catalase. [1] Without this enzyme, hydrogen peroxide can build up, interfering with melanin, the pigment responsible for hair and body hair color. Hydrogen peroxide gradually destroys melanin, leading to depigmentation of hair[2]. To counter this phenomenon, several researchers have studied the effect of catalase supplementation. An increase in this enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, reducing its destructive impact on melanin[3]. The activity of catalase is not limited to hair pigmentation. By breaking down hydrogen peroxide, this enzyme plays a part in protecting cells against oxidative damage. Although no claims have been made, some studies also suggest that catalase may protect and strengthen certain vital organs, such as the heart, by limiting the harmful effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) (Simulate)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are gaining popularity as better substitute to antibiotics. These peptides are shown to be active against several bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and cancerous cells. Understanding the role of primary structure of AMPs in their specificity and activity is essential for their rational design as drugs.| Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19923233/Binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), has antibacterial activity.| The protein CAMP refers to Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide, a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system, particularly in defending the body against infections. Cathelicidins are part of the innate immune response and are involved in the body's first line of defense against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The primary function of CAMP proteins is to act as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that can directly kill pathogens by disrupting their cell membranes. They also have immunomodulatory effects, meaning they can help regulate the immune response and inflammation. One of the most well-known members of this family is LL-37, which is produced in human skin, respiratory tract, and other tissues. CAMP proteins are produced as inactive precursors and are activated by specific enzymes when needed to fight infections. They are essential for maintaining the balance between pathogen defense and preventing excessive inflammation, which can damage tissues. In summary, CAMP proteins are critical for immune defense, wound healing, and modulating the body's inflammatory responses. Diseases associated with CAMP include Rosacea and Cellulitis.| Among its related pathways are Innate Immune System and Defensins. | See: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.plgene=CAMP. For a huge trove of research too extensive to be listed here.
The CD47 protein serves as a 'don't eat me' signal to ward off cancer-gobbling immune cells called macrophages. Nearly all human cancers express high levels of CD47 on their surfaces.
Cell migration-inducing and hyaluronan-binding protein (CEMIP) (Simulate)
Mediates depolymerization of hyaluronic acid (HA) via the cell membrane-associated clathrin-coated pit endocytic pathway. Binds to hyaluronic acid. Hydrolyzes high molecular weight hyaluronic acid to produce an intermediate-sized product, a process that may occur through rapid vesicle endocytosis and recycling without intracytoplasmic accumulation or digestion in lysosomes. Involved in hyaluronan catabolism in the dermis of the skin and arthritic synovium. Positively regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and hence tumor cell growth, invasion and cancer dissemination. In collaboration with HSPA5/BIP, promotes cancer cell migration in a calcium and PKC-dependent manner.| May be involved in hearing.
Centrin proteins, including CETN1, are part of a broader family that works in concert with other proteins to ensure accurate cell division, maintenance of cellular structure, and proper signaling within the cell. Dysfunction in centrin proteins can lead to defects in these processes, contributing to diseases like ciliopathies (disorders caused by malfunctioning cilia) or issues related to cell division errors. Diseases associated with CETN1 include Autosomal Dominant Intellectual Developmental Disorder 40 and Night Blindness, Congenital Stationary, Autosomal Dominant 2. Among its related pathways are Selective autophagy and Budding and maturation of HIV virion.| CETN1 is a cancer testis antigen with expression in prostate and pancreatic cancers.| Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. ic_cancers.
As a component of the TREX-2 complex, involved in the export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores.| Diseases associated with CETN2 include Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Variant Type and Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia With Corneal Dystrophy. Among its related pathways are Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome and Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair (TC-NER).| Plays a fundamental role in microtubule organizing center structure and function. Required for centriole duplication and correct spindle formation. Has a role in regulating cytokinesis and genome stability via cooperation with CALM1 and CCP110. ( CETN2_HUMAN,P41208| ) Involved in global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) by acting as component of the XPC complex. Cooperatively with RAD23B appears to stabilize XPC. In vitro, stimulates DNA binding of the XPC:RAD23B dimer. ( CETN2_HUMAN,P41208 )| The XPC complex is proposed to represent the first factor bound at the sites of DNA damage and together with other core recognition factors, XPA, RPA and the TFIIH complex, is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex. The XPC complex recognizes a wide spectrum of damaged DNA characterized by distortions of the DNA helix such as single-stranded loops, mismatched bubbles or single-stranded overhangs. The orientation of XPC complex binding appears to be crucial for inducing a productive NER. XPC complex is proposed to recognize and to interact with unpaired bases on the undamaged DNA strand which is followed by recruitment of the TFIIH complex and subsequent scanning for lesions in the opposite strand in a 5'-to-3' direction by the NER machinery. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) which are formed upon UV-induced DNA damage esacpe detection by the XPC complex due to a low degree of structural perurbation. Instead they are detected by the UV-DDB complex which in turn recruits and c ooperates with the XPC complex in the respective DNA repair. ( CETN2_HUMAN,P41208 )| As a component of the TREX-2 complex, involved in the export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. (CETN2_HUMAN,P41208)| Source: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. gene=CETN2 Mode.
As a component of the TREX-2 complex, involved in the export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores.| Diseases associated with CETN3 include Iris Spindle Cell Melanoma and Malignant Ciliary Body Melanoma. Among its related pathways is Breast cancer pathway.| The protein encoded by this gene contains four EF-hand calcium binding domains, and is a member of the centrin protein family. Centrins are evolutionarily conserved proteins similar to the CDC31 protein of S. cerevisiae. Yeast CDC31 is located at the centrosome of interphase and mitotic cells, where it plays a fundamental role in centrosome duplication and separation. Multiple forms of the proteins similar to the yeast centrin have been identified in human and other mammalian cells, some of which have been shown to be associated with centrosome fractions. This protein appears to be one of the most abundant centrins associated with centrosome, which suggests a similar function to its yeast counterpart. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]| Source:https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. gene=CETN3| Centrin 3 is an inhibitor of centrosomal Mps1 and antagonizes centrin 2 function.| Source:https://www.molbiolcell.org/doi/full/10. 14-07-1248.
Cerebrolysin - Dynorphin (Simulate)
Protein Amino acid fragment sequence common to.Cerebrolysin, Dynorphin and many more. Cerebrolysin contains a mixture of biologically active peptides and free amino acids that are believed to support brain function, repair, and regeneration. Protects neurons from oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and apoptotic cell death. Enhances synaptic connectivity and neurogenesis, aiding brain repair and adaptation. Improves cellular metabolism by optimizing energy production and nutrient utilization. Reduces neuroinflammation, which is associated with many neurological diseases. Cerebrolysin is primarily used for conditions involving neuronal damage or cognitive decline. Helps in recovery from ischemic stroke by promoting neuroprotection and functional recovery. Aids in the repair of damaged neurons and improves cognitive outcomes. Slows the progression of neurodegeneration and improves cognitive and functional abilities. Provides neurotrophic support to dopaminergic neurons, potentially improving symptoms. Improves memory, attention, and learning in age-related or vascular cognitive decline. In children, it has been explored for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with mixed results.
CFP-10 (Culture Filtrate Protein 10 kDa) (Inhibit)
Virulence factor.
CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) (Simulate)
Cystic Fibrosis. Regulates ion transport across epithelial cells, mutations lead to thick mucus buildup in lungs and other organs.
Chonluten TriPeptide (Simulate)
Chonluten TriPeptide is a peptide complex containing amino acids that help to normalize the functions of the respiratory system. In a clinical study, the effectiveness of the drug Chonluten Lingval in the complex treatment of patients with impaired lung and bronchial function in acute and chronic respiratory diseases of an infectious and non-infectious origin, as well as for maintaining the function of the respiratory system in elderly and senile people, was established. Indications for use: with chronic respiratory failure; with chronic cardiopulmonary insufficiency; after pneumonia;nnnnn; after prolonged artificial ventilation; in case of respiratory distress syndrome; with pulmonary tuberculosis in remission; after a chest injury; after burns of the upper respiratory tract; after toxic damage to the lungs, including after carbon monoxide poisoning; with intense sports; to maintain the function of the respiratory system in elderly and senile people. Source: https://peptide-shop. com/en/peptide-therapy/chonluten-lingual-peptide-for-the-respiratory-system-in-sublingual-form-detail.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (Simulate)
The protein encoded by this gene is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. The protein is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. A read-through transcript variant composed of the upstream ZFP91 gene and CNTF sequence has been identified, but it is thought to be non-coding. Read-through transcription of ZFP91 and CNTF has also been observed in mouse. | Source: https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/gene/1270.
Coenzyme Q-binding protein COQ10 homolog B (Simulate)
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Coenzyme Q-binding protein COQ10 homolog A (Simulate)
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Collagen alpha-1(I) chain (Simulate)
Type I collagen is a member of group I collagen (fibrillar forming collagen).
Collagen alpha-1(II) chain (Simulate)
Type II collagen is specific for cartilaginous tissues. It is essential for the normal embryonic development of the skeleton, for linear growth and for the ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces.
Type 1 collagen is by far the most abundant protein in all vertebrates. It assembles into fibers that form the structural and mechanical scaffold (matrix) of bone, skin, tendons, cornea, blood vessel walls and other connective tissues.
Type III collagen is a fibrillar collagen and is a major component of our skin and organs. In the body, type III collagen is often found in the same places as type I. Like type I, it is often found in supplements designed to promote healthy skin. Bovine collagen, which is derived from the muscle, bone and skin of cows, is another collagen supplement option that contains mainly type l and lll collagen. These are two of the most abundant types of collagen in the human body.
Copper tri-peptide (GHK-Cu) (Simulate)
In humans, GHK-Cu is proposed to promote wound healing, attraction of immune cells, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, stimulation of collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in skin fibroblasts and promotion of blood vessels growth. Recent studies revealed its ability to modulate expression of a large number of human genes, generally reversing gene expression to a healthier state. Binds to copper and modulates copper intake into cells.
Cortagen is a bioregulatory peptide with primary effects in the brain and central nervous system. It has secondary effects on the immune system and in cardiac tissue. Research shows that it is a powerful regulator of the inflammatory response, particularly in the nervous system, helping to restore balance and proper functioning between pro- and anti-oxidative processes. It has been investigated as a potential treatment following ischemic brain injury where it and similar compounds have shown beneficial long-term results. Cortagen stimulates interleukin-2 expression and helps to regulate immune function primarily by reducing autoimmune reactions.
CRP (C-Reactive Protein) (Inhibit)
Displays several functions associated with host defense: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling, phagocytosis and complement fixation through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine. Can interact with DNA and histones and may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells.
CRYAA (Alpha-crystallin A chain) (Simulate)
Contributes to the transparency and refractive index of the eye lens. Acts as a molecular chaperone to prevent aggregation of lens proteins, maintaining lens transparency and flexibility.
CRYAB (Alpha-crystallin B chain) (Simulate)
Functions similarly to CRYAA, preventing protein aggregation and maintaining eye lens clarity.
CRYBB1 (Beta-crystallin B1) (Simulate)
Structural protein of the eye lens, essential for maintaining lens transparency and refractive properties.
CRYBB2 (Beta-crystallin B2) (Simulate)
Structural protein of the eye lens, essential for maintaining lens transparency and refractive properties.
CRYGC (Gamma-crystallin C) (Simulate)
Important for maintaining eye lens transparency and preventing cataract formation.
CSP (Circumsporozoite Protein) (Inhibit)
Important for liver infection.
Involved in the electron transport chain and energy production in mitochondria.
Cytochrome P450 21A2 (CYP21A2) (Simulate)
Involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and plays a critical role in the conversion of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone into their respective 21-hydroxylated products.
Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon attraction of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding. Its association with UNC5 proteins may trigger signaling for axon repulsion. It also acts as a dependence receptor required for apoptosis induction when not associated with netrin ligand. Implicated as a tumor suppressor gene.
Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) (Simulate)
Primarily believed to be involved in sleep regulation due to its apparent ability to induce slow-wave sleep in rabbits. Can act as a stress limiting factor. May have a direct or indirect effect on body temperature and alleviating hypothermia. Can normalize blood pressure and myocardial contraction. It may have antioxidant effects. It has been found to have anticarcinogenic properties.
In the event of a large quantity of histamine in the body, generated in excess and due to a lack of elimination following a failure of histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) and diamine oxidase (DAO), the subject may suffer serious problems relating to their general health and well-being. In this context, the person is said to have histamine intolerance. This intolerance is generally caused by a failure of diamine oxidase (DAO). This failure is manifested by low production of DAO. When the body is unable to generate sufficient DAO, histamine takes a very long time to break down. Yet it is still produced by the body and often ingested through food. This results in overproduction versus low-density elimination. The increase in histamine in the body is often the result of a DAO deficiency. The symptoms are 'allergic-like'. The symptoms of histaminosis are responsible for arrhythmia, diarrhoea, urticaria, redness, itching, low blood pressure, blocked nose and asthma, redness of the eyes, runny nose, migraine, dizziness, sleep disorders, headaches, vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, eczema, muscle pain, osteoporosis, anaphylaxis, asthma and other symptoms. This failure manifests itself as low production of DAO. When the body is unable to generate enough DAO, it takes a very long time to break down histamine. Yet it is still produced by the body and often ingested through food. This results in overproduction versus low-density elimination. The increase in histamine in the body is often the result of a DAO deficiency.
DJ-1 (Protein deglycase DJ-1) (Simulate)
Multifunctional protein with controversial molecular function which plays an important role in cell protection against oxidative stress and cell death acting as oxidative stress sensor and redox-sensitive chaperone and protease.
Dystrophin (Dp427m) (Simulate)
Muscular isoform of dystrophin which is predominantly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It is the longest and most well-studied isoform of the dystrophin protein, playing a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of muscle cells by linking the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in the gene encoding this isoform are commonly associated with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies.
EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) (Inhibit)
Though less commonly overexpressed in breast cancer compared to HER2, EGFR activation can also contribute to tumor growth and progression.
A connective tissue disorder characterized by loose, hyperextensible skin with decreased resilience and elasticity leading to a premature aged appearance. Face, hands, feet, joints, and torso may be differentially affected. Additional variable clinical features are gastrointestinal diverticula, hernia, and genital prolapse. Rare manifestations are pulmonary artery stenosis, aortic aneurysm, bronchiectasis, and emphysema.These are two of the most abundant types of collagen in the human body.
SH3GL3 inhibits cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induces cellular apoptosis of lung cancer cells and inhibits self-renewal of lung cancer stem cells dependent on its SH3 domain. In addition, we report for the first time that SH3GL3 inhibits lung cancer progression in part through p21 and upregulates p21 at the transcriptional level. Taken together, our work suggests that SH3GL3 acts as a potent tumor suppressor in lung cancer progression and has a potential to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of lung cancer|Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33168185/|In addition, we provide strong evidence that the construction of endocytic sites from which CD166 is taken up in an endophilin-A3-dependent manner is driven by extracellular galectin-8. Taken together, our data reveal the existence of a previously uncharacterized clathrin-independent endocytic modality that modulates the abundance of CD166 at the cell surface and regulates the adhesive and migrator y properties of cancer cells. Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15303-y.
Endophilin-A3 (also known as endo-a3 and SH3GL3) (Simulate)
SH3GL3 facts as a potent tumor suppressor in lung cancer progression.. Overexpression of SH3GL3 dramatically inhibits lung cancer cells malignancy behaviors, including proliferation and migration. Additionally, SH3GL3 curbs cell cycle at G0G1 phase and induces cellular apoptosis of lung cancer cells and inhibits lung cancer stem cell self-renewal dependents on its SH3 domain. SH3GL3 inhibits lung cancer progression partially through p21 and up-regulates p21 in transcriptional level.
Enzymes (DNA Polymerase) (Simulate)
DNA replication and repair, crucial for cell division and genetic information maintenance.
Epitalon is an anti-aging agent and a telomerase activator. Epitalon has an inhibitory effect of the on the development of spontaneous tumors in mice, has geroprotective actions and intranasal administration increases neuronal activity. Epitalon can be used for cancer, old age and Retinitis Pigmentosa.
ERG is a transcription factor frequently involved in gene fusions (e.g., TMPRSS2-ERG) found in prostate cancer, leading to its overexpression. ERG gene fusions are considered a driver of prostate cancer development and are used as biomarkers.
ESAT-6 (Early Secreted Antigenic Target 6 kDa) (Inhibit)
Virulence factor.
Estrogen Receptor (ER) Alpha (Inhibit)
ER is critical in many breast cancers, promoting growth through the activation of various signaling pathways that lead to increased cell proliferation.
White blood cells called macrophages are thought to play a major role in the development of IBD, releasing chemicals called cytokines that lead to intense inflammation. Inflammation is the bodys normal response to infection, but too much for too long is linked to various serious health conditions. A team from the Francis Crick Institute, working with University College London and Imperial College London, carried out a genetic analysis to try to unravel the cause of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They discovered that a section of genetic code or DNA acts as the macrophages master regulator of inflammation. This boosted a gene called ETS2 and increased the risk of IBD.
Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) (Inhibit)
FAS is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Inhibiting FAS can reduce the synthesis of new fatty acids, potentially reducing fat accumulation. Experimental inhibitors of FAS have shown potential in reducing body weight and improving metabolic profiles in animal models.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) (Simulate)
FGF21 is known for its role in metabolic regulation, including effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and it has therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
Fibronectin is one of the first proteins to accumulate at wound sites, promoting cell attachment, migration, and proliferation, which are crucial for wound closure. Fibronectin interacts with cell surface receptors to trigger signaling pathways involved in cell survival, differentiation, and movement. During embryonic development and tissue regeneration, fibronectin provides scaffolding that guides cell migration and proper tissue formation.
PSMA is a cell surface protein overexpressed in prostate cancer cells, used as a target for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic agents.
Forkhead Box O3 (FOXO3) (Simulate)
Forkhead Box O3 (FOXO3) is expressed in both inner and outer hair cells. FOXO3 is a transcription factora type of protein that plays a role in gene regulation. Upon noise exposure, FOXO3 travels into the hair cell nucleus, suggesting it might play a role in the protective response to noise-induced damage.
Forkhead box protein O4 (FOXO4) (Simulate)
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. Binds to insulin-response elements (IREs) and can activate transcription of IGFBP1. Down-regulates expression of HIF1A and suppresses hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation of HIF1A-modulated genes. Also involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle. Involved in increased proteasome activity in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by activating expression of PSMD11 in ESCs, leading to enhanced assembly of the 26S proteasome, followed by higher proteasome activity.
FOXO4-DRI alleviates age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency by targeting senescent Leydig cells in aged mice| Male late-onset hypogonadism is an age-related disease, the core mechanism of which is dysfunction of senescent Leydig cells. Recent studies have shown that elimination of senescent cells can restore proper homeostasis to aging tissue. In the present study, we found that the fork head box O (FOXO) transcription factor FOXO4 was specially expressed in human Leydig cells and that its translocation to the nucleus in the elderly was related to decreased testosterone synthesis. Using hydrogen peroxide-induced senescent TM3 Leydig cells as an in vitro model, we observed that FOXO4 maintains the viability of senescent Leydig cells and suppresses their apoptosis. By disrupting the FOXO4-p53 interaction, FOXO4-DRI, a specific FOXO4 blocker, selectively induced p53 nuclear exclusion and apoptosis in senescent Leydig cells. In naturally aged mice, FOXO4-DRI im proved the testicular microenvironment and alleviated age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency. These findings reveal the therapeutic potential of FOXO4-DRI for the treatment of male late-onset hypogonadism.|Source: https://www.aging-us.com/article/102682/text| See also: A FOXO4-DRI Breakdown Senescent Cell Apoptosis.
GAD65 (Glutamate Decarboxylase 65) (Inhibit)
Autoantigen, triggers autoimmune response.
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) (Simulate)
GIP is a hormone that plays a significant role in glucose metabolism by stimulating insulin secretion in response to food intake. It is produced by K-cells in the duodenum and small intestine. GIP is thought to improve how the body breaks down sugar. Simulating GIP can result in weight loss.
Gastrin stimulates the stomach mucosa to produce and secrete hydrochloric acid and the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes. It also stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases blood circulation and water secretion in the stomach and intestine. May be helpful for gastric hypersecretion and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
GCMAF - VTDB_HUMAN Vitamin D-binding protein (Simulate)
Involved in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5 alpha for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation.
Can be used to treat and prevent dozens of age-related diseases and slow down the aging process. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56566478 (3:00).
Glial Cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Simulate)
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was first discovered as a potent survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons and was then shown to rescue these neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. GDNF is a more potent survival factor for dopaminergic neurons and the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus than other neurotrophic factors, and an almost 100 times more efficient survival factor for spinal motor neurons than the neurotrophins. The members of the GDNF family, GDNF, neurturin (NTN), persephin (PSP), and artemin (ART), have seven conserved cysteine residues with similar spacing, making them distant members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. Like the members of the neurotrophin family, the GDNF-like growth factors belong structurally to the cysteine knot proteins. Like neurotrophins, GDNF family proteins are responsible for the development and maintenance of various sets of sensory and sympathetic neurons but, in addition, GDNF and NTN are also responsible for the development and survival of the enteric neurons, and NTN for parasympathetic neurons. Source: https://pubmed. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/10383122/.
Plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. Glucagon is a key blood-sugar-regulating hormone that can mimic the effects of exercise. As such, it can assist weight-loss.
GLUT4 (Glucose Transporter Type 4) (Simulate)
Essential for glucose uptake, reduced function contributes to disease.
Glutamine synthetase (Simulate)
Glutamine synthetase is a vital enzyme for maintaining cellular and systemic health. Its roles in ammonia detoxification, nitrogen metabolism, glutamine production, and neurotransmitter regulation contribute to benefits for brain function, muscle health, gut integrity, immune support, and overall metabolic balance. Dysregulated GS activity can lead to serious health issues, emphasizing the importance of this enzyme in maintaining homeostasis.
Glutathione synthetase (Human) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the production of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in an ATP-dependent manner. Glutathione (gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol in living aerobic cells and is required for numerous processes including the protection of cells against oxidative damage, amino acid transport, the detoxification of foreign compounds, the maintenance of protein sulfhydryl groups in a reduced state and acts as a cofactor for a number of enzymes.
Glycine-rich beta glycoprotein (C3-C5 convertase) (Simulate)
Protective complement proteins and age-related macular degeneration| In one aspect the invention provides methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating a human subject judged to be at risk for the development of macular degeneration, or at risk for pathologic progression of macular degeneration, or at risk of development of other pathologies involving dysregulation of complement mediated disease such as membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis.| In one aspect, the invention provides methods for delaying the progression or onset of the development of AMD in a subject, and for treating a subject having signs and/or symptoms of AMD or who has been diagnosed with AMD. These methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a protective BF and/or C2 protein to the subject. Polymorphisms, genotypes and proteins that are protective for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are disclosed hereinbelow.| Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein /P00751.2.
gp120 (Envelope glycoprotein 120) (Inhibit)
Enables virus entry into cells.
gp41 (Envelope glycoprotein 41) (Inhibit)
Enables virus entry into cells.
May improve the management of calcium oxalate kidney stones by stimulating the production of enzymes associated with the degradation of oxalates. Reduces oxalates to glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate, which allows them to be eliminated from the body.
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) (Simulate)
Protective against disease.
Liver-produced hormone that constitutes the main circulating regulator of iron absorption and distribution across tissues. Acts by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin/SLC40A1, leading to the retention of iron in iron-exporting cells and decreased flow of iron into plasma. Controls the major flows of iron into plasma: absorption of dietary iron in the intestine, recycling of iron by macrophages, which phagocytose old erythrocytes and other cells, and mobilization of stored iron from hepatocytes. Has strong antimicrobial activity against E.coli ML35P N.cinerea and weaker against S.epidermidis, S.aureus and group b streptococcus bacteria. Active against the fungus C.albicans. No activity against P.aeruginosa.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha (FOXA1) (Simulate)
Transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating the expression of genes involved in development, particularly in the liver, lung, and prostate. It is also involved in hormone signaling pathways and has been implicated in various cancers, including breast and prostate cancers.
HER2 neu (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) (Inhibit)
HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and is overexpressed in about 20 of breast cancers, leading to increased cell growth and survival.
Hexapeptide-9 is a collagen peptide, with anti-aging activity. Hexapeptide-9 is commonly used as the ingredient in skin care products for improving the appearance of the skin.
Histamine H1 Receptor (Inhibit)
When histamine is released from mast cells, it binds to H1 receptors, causing allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, swelling, tearing, and difficulty breathing.
Histamine H2 receptor (Inhibit)
The H2 subclass of histamine receptors mediates gastric acid secretion. Also appears to regulate gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion. Possible role in regulating cell growth and differentiation. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase and, through a separate G protein-dependent mechanism, the phosphoinositide/protein kinase (PKC) signaling pathway. Antagonists for this receptor have proven to be effective therapy for acid peptic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Certain antagonists are used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease.
Histamine H3 receptor (Inhibit)
The H3 subclass of histamine receptors could mediate the histamine signals in CNS and peripheral nervous system. Signals through the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and displays high constitutive activity (spontaneous activity in the absence of agonist). Agonist stimulation of isoform 3 neither modified adenylate cyclase activity nor induced intracellular calcium mobilization. May be helpful for Mesnieres Diseases and Tinnitus.
Histamine N-methyltransferase (Simulate)
Inactivates histamine by N-methylation. Plays an important role in degrading histamine and in regulating the airway response to histamine. May be hepful for inflammation in the brain, allergies ,Meniere's disease, tinnitus and Quincke's edema.
HMGCR (3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the conversion of (3S)-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids, thus plays a critical role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
May improve the management of calcium oxalate kidney stones by converting oxalates to alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid, which can be eliminated through normal metabolic pathways.
HTT (Huntingtin Protein) (Simulate)
Huntington's Disease. Involved in neuronal function mutant HTT leads to neurodegenerative symptoms.
HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) (Simulate)
IGFBP-3 has been shown to induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in prostate cancer cells, inhibit angiogenesis (blood vessel growth), and suppress metastasis [2, 3]. Its anti-tumor effects appear to be independent of its ability to sequester insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGFBP-3 has been shown to inhibit proliferation, adhesion, and motility of prostate cancer cells through IGF-independent mechanisms. It may also regulate the NF-B pathway, a key signaling pathway involved in cancer development and progression. Identified as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Its anti-tumor effects, including apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and metastasis suppression, make it an attractive candidate for further investigation and potential clinical application.
Human lysozyme (also known as lysozyme C) (Simulate)
The most significant uses of lysozyme in health supplements derives from its unique properties. Additional benefits include bladder health support, healthy inflammation management and support for wound repair.
Human Steroid hormone receptor (ERR1) (Inhibit)
Researchers genetically engineered the production of ERRa in prostate tumour cells in in vitro and in vivo experiments. At the end of their study in animals, they found that ERRa stimulated the formation and progression of bone metastases from prostate tumor cells. The protein works by disrupting the normal remodeling of bone tissue and facilitating the extension of the tumor. These results confirm the value of ERRa as a poor prognostic factor in prostate cancer. In addition, they reveal, for the first time, its involvement in the development of bone metastases of this cancer, certainly during its early stages. Inhibiting this orphan nuclear receptor could therefore constitute an interesting new therapeutic avenue in the management of advanced prostate cancers.
Human Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG2) (Inhibit)
Tissue Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is implicated in a wide range of diseases, from autoimmune disorders like celiac disease to neurodegeneration, cancer, and fibrosis. Its multifunctional role in cellular processes makes it a significant therapeutic target for multiple conditions.
Humanin, an anti-apoptotic peptide of 24 amino acids, is a Bax inhibitor. Humanin prevents the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria, blocks Bax from the inactive to active conformation. Humanin is a mitochondria-associated peptide with a neuroprotective effect against AD-related neurotoxicity. Humanin also improves overall insulin sensitivity in animal. Humanin is related to aging.
Hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL1) (Simulate)
May have a role in promoting tumor progression. May block the TGFB1-enhanced cell growth.| Diseases associated with HYAL1 include Mucopolysaccharidosis, Type Ix and Mucopolysaccharidosis, Type Ivb. Among its related pathways are Glycosaminoglycan metabolism and Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate metabolism.| This gene encodes a lysosomal hyaluronidase. Hyaluronidases intracellularly degrade hyaluronan, one of the major glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix. Hyaluronan is thought to be involved in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. This enzyme is active at an acidic pH and is the major hyaluronidase in plasma. Mutations in this gene are associated with mucopolysaccharidosis type IX, or hyaluronidase deficiency. The gene is one of several related genes in a region of chromosome 3p21.3 associated with tumor suppression. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] | Source: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. gene=HYAL1.
Hyaluronidase-2 (HYAL2) (Simulate)
Hydrolyzes high molecular weight hyaluronic acid to produce an intermediate-sized product which is further hydrolyzed by sperm hyaluronidase to give small oligosaccharides. Displays very low levels of activity. Associates with and negatively regulates MST1R.| Diseases associated with HYAL2 include Hyal2 Deficiency and Cleft Lip And Palate-Craniofacial Dysmorphism-Congenital Heart Defect-Hearing Loss Syndrome.| This gene encodes a weak acid-active hyaluronidase. The encoded protein is similar in structure to other more active hyaluronidases. Hyaluronidases degrade hyaluronan, one of the major glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix. Hyaluronan and fragments of hyaluronan are thought to be involved in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Although it was previously thought to be a lysosomal hyaluronidase that is active at a pH below 4, the encoded protein is likely a GPI-anchored cell surface protein. This hyaluronidase serves as a receptor f or the oncogenic virus Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The gene is one of several related genes in a region of chromosome 3p21.3 associated with tumor suppression. This gene encodes two alternatively spliced transcript variants which differ only in the 5' UTR.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010].| Source:https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. gene=HYAL2.
Hyaluronidase-3 (HYAL3) (Simulate)
Facilitates sperm penetration into the layer of cumulus cells surrounding the egg by digesting hyaluronic acid. Involved in induction of the acrosome reaction in the sperm. Involved in follicular atresia, the breakdown of immature ovarian follicles that are not selected to ovulate. Induces ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, possibly via apoptotic signaling pathway involving CASP8 and CASP3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Has no hyaluronidase activity in embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. Has no hyaluronidase activity in granulosa cells in vitro.| Diseases associated with HYAL3 include Auroneurodental Syndrome and Tick Paralysis. Among its related pathways are Glycosaminoglycan metabolism and Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate metabolism.| This gene encodes a member of the hyaluronidase family. Hyaluronidases are endoglycosidase enzymes that degrade hyaluronan, one of the major glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix. The regul ated turnover of hyaluronan plays a critical role in many biological processes including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. The encoded protein may also play an important role in sperm function. This gene is one of several related genes in a region of chromosome 3p21.3 associated with tumor suppression, and the expression of specific transcript variants may be indicative of tumor status. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and some isoforms may lack hyaluronidase activity. This gene overlaps and is on the same strand as N-acetyltransferase 6 (GCN5-related), and some transcripts of each gene share a portion of the first exon. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]|.
Hyaluronidase-4 (HYAL4) (Simulate)
Endo-hyaluronidase that degrades hyaluronan to smaller oligosaccharide fragments. Has also chondroitin sulfate hydrolase activity, The best substrate being the galactosaminidic linkage in the sequence of a trisulfated tetrasaccharide.| Diseases associated with HYAL4 include Mucopolysaccharidosis, Type Ix and Hurler-Scheie Syndrome. Among its related pathways are Glycosaminoglycan metabolism and Articular Cartilage Extracellular Matrix.| This gene encodes a protein which is similar in structure to hyaluronidases but lacks hyaluronidase activity. The encoded protein acts as a chondroitin-sulfate-specific endo-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase; that is, it exhibits hydrolytic activity toward chondroitin sulfate chains and degrades them into oligosaccharides. Proteoglycans are formed by the covalent linkage of chondroitin sulfate chains to protein. Proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and are also found at the surf ace of many cell types where they participate in a variety of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell-cell recognition, extracellular matrix deposition, and tissue morphogenesis. The expression of this gene is highest in testes and placenta. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2019]| Source: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. gene=HYAL4| New Insights Into Human Hyaluronidase 4/Chondroitin Sulphate Hydrolase| In this review, the current experimental evidence, literature and hypotheses surrounding hyaluronidase 4 [HYAL4, also known as chondroitin sulphate hydrolase (CHSE)] and chondroitin sulphate (CS) are explored. Originally named for its sequence similarity to other members of the hyaluronidase family, HYAL4 is actually a relatively distinct member of the family, particularly for its unique degradation of CS-D (2-O-, 6-O-sulphated CS) motifs and specific expression. Human HYAL4 protein expression and structural features are discussed in relation to different isoforms, activities, potential localisations and protein-protein interaction partners. | Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. _Hydrolase.
Hydroxyproline (Hyp) (Simulate)
Functions: Hydroxyproline is essential for the stability and structure of collagen, a protein that gives strength and elasticity to connective tissue, such as skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments. Hydroxyproline residues in proteins can act as molecular switches, influencing cell signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions. Hydroxyproline has antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. Hydroxyproline is important for skin elasticity and firmness, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Hydroxyproline is involved in bone matrix formation and mineralization, maintaining bone density and strength. 3. Muscle health: Hydroxyproline is essential for muscle growth and repair, particularly after exercise or injury. Hydroxyproline is involved in the production of collagen, which is critical for wound healing and tissue repair.
Hypocretin Neuropeptide Precursor (Orexin) (Simulate)
Neuropeptides that play a significant role in the regulation of food intake and sleep-wakefulness, possibly by coordinating the complex behavioral and physiologic responses of these complementary homeostatic functions. A broader role in the homeostatic regulation of energy metabolism, autonomic function, hormonal balance and the regulation of body fluids, is also suggested. Orexin-A Binds to orexin receptors HCRTR1/OX1R and HCRTR2/OX2R with a high affinity. Stimulates food intake. Modulates pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion in an ovarian steroid-dependent manner. Orexin-B Binds to orexin receptor HCRTR2/OX2R only. Stimulates food intake. Modulates pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion in an ovarian steroid-dependent manner.| Source: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O43612/entry.
IA-2 (Islet Antigen-2) (Inhibit)
Autoantigen, triggers autoimmune response
IKBA (an NF-kB inhibitor) (Simulate)
Inhibiting NF-kB can reduce inflammation and cancer risk.
Anti-inflammatory antagonist of interleukin-1 family of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta/IL1B and interleukin-1alpha/IL1A. Protects from immune dysregulation and uncontrolled systemic inflammation triggered by IL1 for a range of innate stimulatory agents such as pathogens.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein isoform 2 (IL1RA-2), is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). It is a variant of the IL1RA gene, which encodes two major isoforms: IL1RA-1 (P18510-1) and IL1RA-2 (P18510-2). Functions of IL1RA-2: 1. Inhibition of IL-1 signaling: IL1RA-2 binds to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) without activating downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1. 2. Anti-inflammatory effects: IL1RA-2 has been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. 3. Cellular protection: IL1RA-2 may protect cells from IL-1-induced damage and apoptosis.
interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein isoform 3 (IL1RA-3), is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). It is a variant of the IL1RA gene, which encodes three major isoforms: IL1RA-1 (P18510-1), IL1RA-2 (P18510-2), and IL1RA-3 (P18510-3). Functions of IL1RA-3 (P18510-3): 1. Inhibition of IL-1 signaling: IL1RA-3 binds to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) without activating downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1. 2. Anti-inflammatory effects: IL1RA-3 has been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. 3. Cellular protection: IL1RA-4 may protect cells from IL-1-induced damage and apoptosis.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein isoform 4 (IL1RA-4), is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). It is a variant of the IL1RA gene, which encodes four major isoforms: IL1RA-1 (P18510-1), IL1RA-2 (P18510-2), IL1RA-3 (P18510-3), and IL1RA-4 (P18510-4). Functions of IL1RA-4 (P18510-4): 1. Inhibition of IL-1 signaling: IL1RA-4 binds to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) without activating downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1. 2. Anti-inflammatory effects: IL1RA-4 has been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. 3. Cellular protection: IL1RA-4 may protect cells from IL-1-induced damage and apoptosis.
IL-6 (Interleukin-6) (Inhibit)
Promotes inflammation. IL6 is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Rapid production of IL6 contributes to host defense during infection and tissue injury, but excessive IL6 synthesis is involved in disease pathology. In the innate immune response, is synthesized by myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, upon recognition of pathogens through toll-like receptors (TLRs) at the site of infection or tissue injury (Probable). In the adaptive immune response, is required for the differentiation of B cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Plays a major role in the differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets. Essential factor for the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are required for the induction of germinal-center formation. Required to drive naive CD4+ T cells to the Th17 lineage. Also required for proliferation of myeloma cells and the survival of plasmablast cells
Cytokine pro-inflammatory in lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
Essential for insulin action, resistance contributes to disease.
Levels of Interleukin-11 increase in the human body as we get older. It contributes to higher levels of inflammation, and the researchers say it flips several biological switches that control the pace of ageing. Old laboratory mice often die from cancer, however, the mice lacking interleukin-11 had far lower levels of the disease. And they showed improved muscle function, were leaner, had healthier fur and scored better on many measures of frailty. Their lifespans increased between 20 - 25%.
Interleukin-12 (IL12B) (Inhibit)
Cytokine involved in immune and inflammatory responses. By inhibiting the pathways, it can reduce inflammation and the immune response that contributes to Crohn's disease.
Interleukin-23 (IL23A) (Inhibit)
Cytokine involved in immune and inflammatory responses. By inhibiting the pathways, it can reduce inflammation and the immune response that contributes to Crohn's disease.
Facilitate the movement of white blood cells into inflamed tissues, affecting migration to both the gut and brain. Implicated in Crohn's disease.
Enzyme that plays a critical role in the signaling of several cytokines. Inhibiting JAK can interfere with the cytokine signaling pathway that leads to inflammation.
Ki-67 is a nuclear protein associated with cellular proliferation, commonly used as a marker to assess the growth fraction of cells in prostate cancer. High levels of Ki-67 are indicative of aggressive tumor growth and poor prognosis.
PSA is a serine protease produced by the prostate gland, commonly used as a biomarker for prostate cancer screening.
Klotho alpha (Klotho) (Simulate)
This protein is crucial for its roles in aging, phosphate metabolism, and as a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23).
Klotho beta protein (beta-Klotho) (Simulate)
Beta-Klotho is involved in various biological processes and acts as a coreceptor for endocrine FGFs (fibroblast growth factors), playing a significant role in the regulation of metabolism and other physiological functions.
Plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation. Plays a role in promoting oncogenic events by inducing transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in a ZNF304-dependent manner.
Major iron-binding and multifunctional protein found in exocrine fluids such as breast milk and mucosal secretions. Has antimicrobial activity, which depends on the extracellular cation concentration. Antimicrobial properties include bacteriostasis, which is related to its ability to sequester free iron and thus inhibit microbial growth, as well as direct bactericidal properties leading to the release of lipopolysaccharides from the bacterial outer membrane. Can also prevent bacterial biofilm development in P.aeruginosa infection. Has weak antifungal activity against C.albicans. Has anabolic, differentiating and anti-apoptotic effects on osteoblasts and can also inhibit osteoclastogenesis, possibly playing a role in the regulation of bone growth. Promotes binding of species C adenoviruses to epithelial cells, promoting adenovirus infection. Can inhibit papillomavirus infections. Stimulates the TLR4 signaling pathway leading to NF-kappa-B activation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production while also interfering with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TLR4 signaling. Inhibits neutrophil granulocyte migration to sites of apoptosis, when secreted by apoptotic cells. Stimulates VEGFA-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Binds heparin, chondroitin sulfate and possibly other glycosaminoglycans. Also binds specifically to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), the lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lysozyme and DNA.
Generates hydrogen peroxide which is required for the activity of thyroid peroxidase/TPO and lactoperoxidase/LPO. Plays a role in thyroid hormones synthesis and lactoperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial defense at the surface of mucosa. May have its own peroxidase activity through its N-terminal peroxidase-like domain.
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components.
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. Involved in the organization of the laminar architecture of cerebral cortex. It is probably required for the integrity of the basement membrane/glia limitans that serves as an anchor point for the endfeet of radial glial cells and as a physical barrier to migrating neurons. Radial glial cells play a central role in cerebral cortical development, where they act both as the proliferative unit of the cerebral cortex and a scaffold for neurons migrating toward the pial surface.
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P11047/entry
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. Ladsin exerts cell-scattering activity toward a wide variety of cells, including epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblastic cells. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q13753/entry
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9Y6N6/entry
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) (Inhibit)
High levels contribute to disease.
LDLR (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor) (Simulate)
Removes LDL from blood.
Livagen Peptide (Experimental) (Simulate)
Livagen is thought to help support and regulate the immune system. It may enhance the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases, especially in elderly individuals or those with compromised immune systems. Livagen is often promoted for its potential anti-aging effects. It is believed to help in maintaining the function of organs and tissues, potentially slowing down the aging process. This is based on the idea that it can help restore the function of cells that have been damaged by age-related processes. Some studies suggest that Livagen may have an effect on gene expression, particularly genes involved in aging and cellular repair. By influencing these genes, Livagen might help improve cellular health and longevity. There is some evidence to suggest that Livagen might support cardiovascular health by promoting the proper function of the heart and blood vessels. This could be beneficial in reducing the risk of heart-related issues, especially as one ages. Users of Livagen sometimes report improvements in overall well-being, including increased energy levels, better sleep, and improved mental clarity. These effects are likely related to its general impact on cellular health and immune function. Livagen might be used to support recovery after surgery, illness, or other stressors that weaken the body. Its potential to enhance cellular repair and immune function could make it beneficial in these contexts.
Long arginine 3-IGF-1 (Simulate)
IGF-1 LR3 gives you the same benefits of using insulin, with lower risk. The benefits of peptide therapy with IGF-1 LR3 include the following.| Long arginine 3-IGF-1, abbreviated as IGF-1 LR3 or LR3-IGF-1, is a synthetic protein and lengthened analogue of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). It differs from native IGF-1 in that it possesses an arginine instead of a glutamic acid at the third position in its amino acid sequence ('arginine 3'), and also has an additional 13 amino acids at its N-terminus (MFPAMPLLSLFVN) ('long'), for a total of 83 amino acids (relative to the 70 of IGF-1). The consequences of these modifications are that IGF-1 LR3 retains the pharmacological activity of IGF-1 as an agonist of the IGF-1 receptor, has very low affinity for the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and has improved metabolic stability. As a result, it is approximately three times more potent than IGF-1, and possesses a significantly longer half-life of about 2030 hours (relative to IGF-1's half-life of about 1215 hours).| Source: https://www.spooky2.com/forums/viewtopic.phpf=12&p=192526#p192530.
Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 6 (Simulate)
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoA for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (PubMed:22633490, PubMed:24269233). Plays an important role in fatty acid metabolism in brain and the acyl-CoAs produced may be utilized exclusively for the synthesis of the brain lipid.
LOXL1 (Lysyl oxidase homolog 1) (Simulate)
Involved in the formation and maintenance of elastic fibers in the eye lens, contributing to its elasticity and accommodation ability.
LRRK2 (Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2) (Inhibit)
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which phosphorylates a broad range of proteins involved in multiple processes such as neuronal plasticity, innate immunity, autophagy, and vesicle trafficking.
Lumbrokinase (Q95V22) (Simulate)
Lumbrokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme found in the earthworm Lumbricus bimastus. Lumbrokinase has been studied for its antithrombotic properties and its ability to improve microcirculation in diabetic patients.
Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) (Simulate)
an enzyme that cross-links collagen and elastin, which are both crucial for the structural integrity and repair of connective tissue. Enhancing the activity of this enzyme could theoretically improve tissue strength and resilience.
Mazdutide is primarily being investigated for its potential in promoting significant and sustained weight loss by reducing appetite and increasing energy expenditure. Due to its role in improving glucose metabolism, Mazdutide may also have applications in managing type 2 diabetes, as it can help regulate blood sugar levels.
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 12 (MED12) (Simulate)
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. This subunit may specifically regulate transcription of targets of the Wnt signaling pathway and SHH signaling pathway.
Essential component of a MLL/SET1 histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex, a complex that specifically methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4). Functions as a transcriptional regulator. Binds to the TERT promoter and represses telomerase expression. Plays a role in TGFB1-mediated inhibition of cell-proliferation, possibly regulating SMAD3 transcriptional activity. Represses JUND-mediated transcriptional activation on AP1 sites, as well as that mediated by NFKB subunit RELA. Positively regulates HOXC8 and HOXC6 gene expression. May be involved in normal hematopoiesis through the activation of HOXA9 expression. May be involved in DNA repair.
Metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20) (Simulate)
MMP-20 is primarily involved in the formation of enamel. It helps in the early stages of enamel mineralization by breaking down amelogenin, a protein crucial for enamel structure. By processing amelogenin and other enamel proteins, MMP-20 helps create the correct structure and mineral density in enamel.
Methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET2) (Simulate)
RNA plays a significant role in how DNA is packaged and stored in your cells, via a gene known as TET2. Many cancers and other disorders involve TET2-related mutations.
MIP (Major intrinsic protein, also known as Aquaporin-0) (Simulate)
Facilitates water transport in the eye lens, maintaining its transparency and proper hydration.
Mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c) (Simulate)
Regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. Inhibits the folate cycle, thereby reducing de novo purine biosynthesis which leads to the activation of the metabolic regulator 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Increases mitochondrial respiration and levels of CPT1A and cytokines IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TNF in senescent cells.
MLH1 works in conjunction with MSH2 to correct DNA replication errors.
Part of the DNA mismatch repair pathway.
MSP1 (Merozoite Surface Protein 1) (Inhibit)
Important for red blood cell invasion.
mTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin) (Inhibit)
mTOR is a key kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation, and survival. mTOR inhibitors like everolimus are used in combination with hormone therapy in certain types of breast cancer.
Myc proto-oncogene protein (Inhibit)
Myc is encoded by a type of gene known as an oncogene. Oncogenes normally perform vital cellular functions, but when mutated or expressed incorrectly they become powerful cancer promoters. The Myc oncogene is mutated or misregulated in over half of all human cancers. Blocking the expression of the Myc gene causes the complete regression of tumors in animals.
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Inhibit)
MPO plays a role in innate microbial defenses by catalyzing the formation of powerful reactive oxygen intermediates, which are potent antimicrobial tools against phagocytosed pathogens. MPO is considered an important part of the innate immune system's microbicidal arm and is secreted by neutrophils and macrophages. Interestingly, this enzyme has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis. MPO is ubiquitous in atherosclerotic lesions and contributes to the initiation and progression of the disease primarily by oxidizing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles.
Motor protein involved in muscle contraction and movement within cells.
Also known as growth differentiation factor 8, myostatin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSTN gene Myostatin is a myokine that is produced and released by myocytes and acts to down-regulate muscle growth. Animals either lacking myostatin or treated with substances that block the activity of myostatin have significantly more muscle mass.
N-acetyl-glutamate synthase (NAGS) (Simulate)
N-acetyl-glutamate synthase (NAGS) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the urea cycle, which is the process by which the body removes excess ammonia (a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism) by converting it into urea that can be excreted in urine.
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 (Simulate)
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
By inhibiting NADPH oxidase 1 we obtain the same effect as NF-02 Finally, NF02 inhibited cell migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells which is consistent with the described impact of Nox1 inhibitors on cell migration. NF02 peptide is a new NADPH oxidase inhibitor specific for Nox1 over Nox2 and xanthine oxidase which might represent a useful Nox1 tool with potential therapeutic insights.
NANOG Homeobox protein (Simulate)
transcription factor that plays a crucial role in maintaining the pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. NANOG is critical in maintaining the pluripotent state of cells within the inner cell mass of the embryo, which can differentiate into any cell type of the body. It works in conjunction with other transcription factors, such as OCT4 and SOX2, forming a regulatory network that keeps cells in an undifferentiated state. Understanding and manipulating NANOG's function can have implications for regenerative medicine, including tissue repair and the generation of cells and tissues for transplantation. Aberrant expression of NANOG has been observed in various cancers, where it is thought to contribute to tumor progression and resistance to therapy by promoting characteristics associated with stem cells, such as rapid growth and resistance to cell death. High levels of NANOG in tumors are often linked to poor prognosis, as it can promote the proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells.
By inhibiting NADPH oxidase 1 we obtain the same effect as NF-02 Finally, NF02 inhibited cell migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells which is consistent with the described impact of Nox1 inhibitors on cell migration. NF02 peptide is a new NADPH oxidase inhibitor specific for Nox1 over Nox2 and xanthine oxidase which might represent a useful Nox1 tool with potential therapeutic insights.
Nagalase ( alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase) (Inhibit)
Nagalase is an extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme that is (increased) secreted by cancerous cells in the process of tumor invasion. It also is an intrisic component of the envelope protein of various virions, such as HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes zoster and the influenza virus. Thus, it is also secreted from virus-infected cells.. Ref:1,3,4,10 Nagalase deglycosylates the vitamin D3-binding protein DBP (in humans better known as Gc-protein). Gc-protein is the precursor for the major macrophage-activating factor (MAF). Gc-protein carries one trisaccharide consisting of N-acetylgalactosamine with dibranched galactose and sialic acid termini. By deglycosylation, the (complete) trisaccharide is removed from the Gc-protein. This glycosylated Gc-protein can no longer be converted to MAF. Normally MAF is produced from the Gc-protein by sequential removal of the galactose and sialic acid termini by beta-galactosidase and sialidase, selectively, with N-acetylgalactosamine as the remaining sugar. Macrophage-activation for phagocytosis and antigen presentation is the first step in the immune development cascade. Lost precursor activity leads to immunosuppression.
Neurofibromin (NF1) (Simulate)
Neurofibromin 1 is a tumor suppressor protein that is involved in regulating cell growth and signaling pathways. Mutations in the NF1 gene are associated with neurofibromatosis type 1, a genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing various types of tumors.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) (Inhibit)
NPY is a peptide that stimulates food intake and decreases energy expenditure when activated in the brain. It is involved in regulating appetite and energy balance. Inhibiting NPY receptors could reduce appetite and potentially lead to weight loss.
Neuropeptide Y is defined as one of the most abundant mammalian neuropeptides that acts as a sympathetic co-transmitter, co-localized and released with noradrenaline. It plays a significant role in stress-related cardiovascular disorders and exerts cardiovascular effects through Y1 and Y2 receptors. Found in the central and peripheral nervous systems, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid protein that influences neuroendocrine function and behavioral events such as eating and satiety. Immunoreactive NPY and binding sites for NPY have been found in the term human placenta. NPY receptors and their endogenous ligands are involved in the control of appetite, inhibition of anxiety in the CNS, presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release in the CNS and periphery, the modulation of circadian rhythm, and pain transmission. N. B; '-NH2' has been omitted from the end.
Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons.
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) (Simulate)
Neurotrophin is a growth factor that regulates the development and repair of the nervous system. Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a vital growth factor for neuronal health and function, supporting survival, regeneration, and plasticity in the nervous system. Its overlap with BDNF in TrkB signaling provides redundancy and highlights its therapeutic potential for treating neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. From all factors, two pioneer groups, the nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been widely explored for their role in disease pathogenesis and potential use as therapeutic agents. Nonetheless, neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and neurotrophin-4 (NT4) also have promising potential, albeit less popular than their counterparts. This review focuses on the latter two factors and their roles in the pathogenesis of brain disorders and potential therapies. An extensive literature search of NT3 and NT4 with their receptors, the TrkB and TrkC on the nervous system were extracted and analyzed. We found that NT3 and NT4 are not only involved in the pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases, but also have promising therapeutic potential on injury- and vascular-related nervous system disease, neuropsychiatry, neurodegeneration and peripheral nerve diseases. Dysregulation of NT-4 or its receptor TrkB is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. NT-4 may have protective effects on neurons in peripheral neuropathies caused by diabetes or chemotherapy. NT-4 has been studied for its potential to promote regeneration and recovery following spinal cord injuries. Abnormal TrkB signaling, which involves NT-4, is linked to mood disorders, depression, and anxiety.
Nisin (Lantibiotic nisin-A) (Simulate)
Lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotic (lantibiotic) active on Gram-positive bacteria. The bactericidal activity of lantibiotics is based on depolarization of energized bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, initiated by the formation of aqueous transmembrane pores. Nisin is primarily used as a food preservative due to its ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria in a variety of food products. It is effective against Gram-positive bacteria and is commonly added to processed cheese, canned foods, meats, and dairy products to extend shelf life and reduce the need for harsher chemical preservatives.
Nitric oxide synthase 1 (Inhibit)
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. Probably has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such SRR.
Nitric oxide synthase 1 (Simulate)
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. Probably has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such SRR.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such PTGS2/COX2. As component of the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex involved in the selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' implicated in regulation of the GAIT complex activity and probably multiple targets including ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM. Involved in inflammation, enhances the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL6 and IL8.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such PTGS2/COX2. As component of the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex involved in the selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' implicated in regulation of the GAIT complex activity and probably multiple targets including ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM. Involved in inflammation, enhances the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL6 and IL8.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway (PubMed:1378832). NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway (PubMed:1378832). NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets.
NADPH oxidase that catalyzes the generation of superoxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor, upon formation of a complex with CYBA/p22phox. Plays a role in the biogenesis of otoconia/otolith, which are crystalline structures of the inner ear involved in the perception of gravity. NOX3 is involved in vestibular problems of the inner ear.
Nucleoporin-62 C-terminal-like protein (NUP62CL) (Inhibit)
NUP62CL as an Immunological and Prognostic Biomarker of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral malignancy, which originates from oral epithelial cells and develops into carcinoma in situ.1 The most common sites are the lips, tongue, palate, buccal mucosa, gums, floor of the mouth, vestibule, and posterior molars.2 Oral tissue is the main organ for the human body to eat and obtain nutrients. Chewing betel nut, chewing tobacco and irritation of tooth stump are the reasons for the high incidence of OSCC, which will hinder human nutrition intake through the oral pathway and lead to high mortality.3 Globally, there will be 377,713 new cases and 177,757 deaths in 2020.4,5 Although great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of OSCC in recent years, the prognosis for OSCC has not improved significantly. According to clinical data, the 5-year survival rate of patients is about 50%.6 Therefore, the exploration and understanding of biomarkers for OSCC will help to further improve the diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.
NUP98 Nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96 (Inhibit)
Diseases associated with NUP98 include Hematologic Cancer and Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Among its related pathways are Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA and EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include transporter activity and structural constituent of nuclear pore. Plays a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and/or maintenance. NUP98 and NUP96 are involved in the bidirectional transport across the NPC. May anchor NUP153 and TPR to the NPC. In cooperation with DHX9, plays a role in transcription and alternative splicing activation of a subset of genes (PubMed:28221134). |Involved in the localization of DHX9 in discrete intranuclear foci (GLFG-body)| (PubMed:28221134).
Nuclear pore complex protein (Nup153) (Simulate)
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear envelope. Functions as a scaffolding element in the nuclear phase of the NPC essential for normal nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs. Involved in the quality control and retention of unspliced mRNAs in the nucleus; in association with TPR, regulates the nuclear export of unspliced mRNA species bearing constitutive transport element (CTE) in a NXF1- and KHDRBS1-independent manner. Mediates TPR anchoring to the nuclear membrane at NPC. The repeat-containing domain may be involved in anchoring other components of the NPC to the pore membrane. Possible DNA-binding subunit of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Nuclear pore complex protein (Nup107) (Simulate)
Plays a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and/or maintenance (PubMed:12552102, PubMed:15229283, PubMed:30179222).| Required for the assembly of peripheral proteins into the NPC (PubMed:15229283, PubMed:12552102)|. May anchor NUP62 to the NPC (PubMed:15229283).| Involved in nephrogenesis (PubMed:30179222).
Nucleoporin 133 (NUP133) (Simulate)
The nuclear envelope creates distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments in eukaryotic cells. It consists of two concentric membranes perforated by nuclear pores, large protein complexes that form aqueous channels to regulate the flow of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. These complexes are composed of at least 100 different polypeptide subunits, many of which belong to the nucleoporin family. The nucleoporin protein encoded by this gene displays evolutionarily conserved interactions with other nucleoporins. This protein, which localizes to both sides of the nuclear pore complex at interphase, remains associated with the complex during mitosis and is targeted at early stages to the reforming nuclear envelope. This protein also localizes to kinetochores of mitotic cells.| Involved in poly(A)+ RNA transport. Involved in nephrogenesis (PubMed:30179222).| Expression: Ubiquitous expression in testis (RPKM 11.8), brain (RPKM 11.8) and 25 other tissues |See more https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55746.
Nuclear pore complex protein (Nup155) (Simulate)
Nucleoporin Nup155 is part of the p53 network in liver cancer Cancer-relevant signalling pathways rely on bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport events through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). However, mechanisms by which individual NPC components (Nups) participate in the regulation of these pathways remain poorly understood. We discover by integrating large scale proteomics, polysome fractionation and a focused RNAi approach that Nup155 controls mRNA translation of p21 (CDKN1A), a key mediator of the p53 response. The underlying mechanism involves transcriptional regulation of the putative tRNA and rRNA methyltransferase FTSJ1 by Nup155. Furthermore, we observe that Nup155 and FTSJ1 are p53 repression targets and accordingly find a correlation between the p53 status, Nup155 and FTSJ1 expression in murine and human hepatocellular carcinoma. Our data suggest an unanticipated regulatory network linking translational control by and repression of a structural NPC component modulating the p53 pathway through its effectors.
Nuclear pore complex protein (Nup160) (Simulate)
Involved in poly(A)+ RNA transport. NUP160 (Nucleoporin 160) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with NUP160 include Nephrotic Syndrome, Type 19 and Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. Among its related pathways are Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA and EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include structural constituent of nuclear pore.| Novel vertebrate nucleoporins Nup133 and Nup160 play a role in mRNA export.
Nucleoporin NUP188 homolog (Simulate)
May function as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).|Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear envelope (Probable). Required for proper protein transport into the nucleus: (PubMed:32275884).
Nuclear pore membrane glycoprotein (NUP210) (Inhibit)
Nucleoporin essential for nuclear pore assembly and fusion, nuclear pore spacing, as well as structural integrity.| Caution:| Nuclear pore protein NUP210 depletion suppresses metastasis through heterochromatin-mediated disruption of tumor cell mechanical response. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23225.
Nuclear pore glycoprotein p62 (NUP62) (Inhibit)
NUP62 (Nucleoporin 62) is a protein that plays a critical role in the structure and function of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which regulates the transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. Altered expression of NUP62 is associated with various cancers, as disruptions in nucleocytoplasmic transport can contribute to tumor progression. Dysregulation of nucleoporins, including NUP62, has been implicated in diseases such as ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and certain forms of dementia. Due to its involvement in nucleocytoplasmic transport, NUP62 is being studied as a potential biomarker for certain cancers and neurological conditions.
Nuclear pore glycoprotein p62 (Sequestosome-1 or SQSTM1) (Inhibit)
p62 has a ubiquitin binding domain, which can associate with ubiquitin-modified proteins and shuttle them to the autophagosomal or proteasomal pathways for degradation. In the case of neurodegenerative conditions, mutations or post-translational alterations lead to protein misfolding. When these misfolded proteins evade degradation, they are then processed into small-misfolded oligomers, at which point they become toxic to the neuronal environment. Examples of these include a-synuclein, -amyloid, and poly-Qproteins, oligomers known for their pathological roles in Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and Huntingtons diseases, respectively. The toxic oligomeric aggregates are primarily cleared via macroautophagy. Therefore, one of the attractive therapeutic strategies to treat proteinopathies, including those found in neurodegenerative diseases, is to induce the removal of toxic oligomeric molecules by promoting macroautophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).
Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with ODAM include Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Type Ie and Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Type Iiia. Among its related pathways are Metabolism of proteins and RNA Polymerase I Promoter Opening.| Function| Tooth-associated epithelia protein that probably plays a role in odontogenesis, the complex process that results in the initiation and generation of the tooth. May be incorporated in the enamel matrix at the end of mineralization process. Involved in the induction of RHOA activity via interaction with ARHGEF and expression of downstream factors such as ROCK. Plays a role in attachment of the junctional epithelium to the tooth surface.
Odontogenesis associated phosphoprotein (ODAPH) (Simulate)
May promote nucleation of hydroxyapatite.| Dental enamel forms the outer cap of teeth and is the hardest substance found in vertebrates. This gene is thought to encode an extracellular matrix acidic phosphoprotein that has a function in enamel mineralization during amelogenesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with recessive hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta.| Diseases associated with ODAPH include Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Hypomaturation Type, Iia4 and Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta.
Oligopeptide-41 Peptide (Simulate)
Synthetic peptide that suppresses Dickkopf 1 (DKK-1), which itself acts as a WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor. This peptide is also known under the trade name CG-Keramin1. Involved in pathologic processes resulting in pattern baldness. Inhibiting DKK-1, Oligopeptide-41 preserves hair follicles and prevents hair loss. In addition, Oligopeptide-41 boosts hair follicle cell proliferation and migration, while reducing UV-induced follicular cell apoptosis, and strengthening follicles and hair.
Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1) (Simulate)
Involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fusion and involved in maintaining mitochondrial health and function. OPA1 is instrumental in the process of mitochondrial fusion, where individual mitochondria merge to form interconnected networks. This fusion process is vital for maintaining mitochondrial integrity, enabling the exchange of mitochondrial content, and ensuring proper mitochondrial function. OPA1 helps in maintaining the proper structure of mitochondrial cristae, the inner membrane folds where critical components of the electron transport chain are located. Proper cristae structure is essential for efficient oxidative phosphorylation and ATP (energy) production. OPA1 has a role in regulating apoptosis (programmed cell death) by influencing the release of cytochrome c, a pro-apoptotic factor, from the mitochondria into the cytosol. OPA1's function in the inner mitochondrial membrane helps to control the permeability of the membrane, thereby affecting the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. By regulating the structure and fusion of mitochondria, OPA1 also contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. This is crucial for the proper functioning of mitochondria and the prevention of mitochondrial diseases. Mutations in the OPA1 gene are primarily associated with autosomal dominant optic atrophy, the most common hereditary optic neuropathy that leads to progressive vision loss. This condition typically begins in early childhood and affects the optic nerves, leading to bilateral visual impairment. Beyond optic atrophy, dysfunctions in OPA1 have been linked to a variety of other neurodegenerative diseases and conditions involving mitochondrial dysfunction, such as Parkinsons disease and certain types of muscle degeneration.
Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) (Simulate)
Key enzyme in the urea cycle involved in the detoxification of ammonia in the liver. Catalyzes the second step of the urea cycle, the condensation of carbamoyl phosphate with L-ornithine to form L-citrulline (PubMed:2556444, PubMed:6372096, PubMed:8112735). The urea cycle ensures the detoxification of ammonia by converting it to urea for excretion.
Overexpressed in colon carcinoma 1 protein (OCC1) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with C12orf75 include Prostate Sarcoma and Invasive Aspergillosis.| Coding potential, subcellular localization, and morphological effects of OCC-1 peptides. (A) Alignment of deduced peptide sequences of OCC-1A/B and OCC-1C is shown. A 12-aa sequence is eliminated from the middle of the OCC-1A/B peptide to produce OCC-1C. (B) Subcellular localization of OCC-1A/B and OCC-1C in transiently transfected SW480 cells detected by ICC technique, using anti-Flag primary antibody and FITCconjugated secondary antibody.| Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cod. _309360009.
Oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (Simulate)
Oxidative damage of telomeres inhibits telomerase activity at chromosome ends in cancer cells. Deletion of two antioxidant enzymesPRDX1 and 8ODP (MTH1), needed for protecting telomeres from oxidative damage results in loss of telomeric DNA in an oxygen concentration-dependent manner due to inhibition of telomerase. High levels of oxidized purine nucleotides are associated with DNA damage and mutations, which can contribute to cancer development and progression. By hydrolyzing oxidized nucleotides, the enzyme reduces the risk of oxidative DNA damage that could potentially lead to tumor formation or other diseases related to genomic instability.
p21 is a crucial tumor suppressor gene. Also known as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), it plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle.
p24 (Capsid protein) (Inhibit)
Structural component of virus.
PAH (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase) (Simulate)
Deficiency causes disease.
Papain (PAPA1_CARPA) (Simulate)
Papain is a proteolytic enzyme derived from the papaya fruit. It has several health benefits, particularly in aiding digestion by breaking down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, which improves nutrient absorption. Additionally, papain has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce swelling and pain associated with inflammation. It's also being researched for its potential anti-parasitic effects, where it might disrupt the life cycles of certain parasites by degrading their protein structures.
Parkinson's Disease. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria mutations can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase SubtilisinKexin Type 9) (Inhibit)
Degrades LDL receptors.
PD-L1 (also known as CD274 or B7-H1) (Inhibit)
Human Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), also known as CD274 or B7-H1PD-L1 serves as a 'don't eat me' signal to ward off cancer-gobbling immune cells called macrophages, allowing cancer to grow unchallenged by our immune system.
PEPITEM is a naturally occurring peptide that may inhibit inflammaging in older people. It inhibits T-lymphocyte infiltration. Studies suggest that PEPITEM may be beneficial in conditions like diabetes and arthritis, where excessive inflammation plays a critical role in disease progression. PEPITEM acts by modulating interactions between immune cells and the endothelium, reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells into tissues.
Removal of H2O2, oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress.
Peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1) (Simulate)
Antioxidant enzyme that plays a critical role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. It belongs to the peroxiredoxin family of enzymes, which help reduce harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), by converting them into water. This process is essential for maintaining cellular health and preventing damage that can lead to diseases. PRDX1 has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor. By reducing oxidative stress, it can inhibit abnormal cell growth and help prevent the development of certain types of cancers. However, in some cancers, PRDX1 is upregulated, which may help cancer cells survive under oxidative stress. PRDX1 is involved in the immune response, helping immune cells manage oxidative bursts that occur during pathogen attacks. This regulation prevents excessive ROS levels that could damage immune cells or surrounding tissue.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) (Simulate)
Transcriptional coactivator that regulates genes involved in energy metabolism, particularly in mitochondrial biogenesis and function. It plays a key role in the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis. University of Essex researchers discovered this protein helped people drop twice as much weight when they ran for half an hour three times a week.
PfEMP1 (Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1) (Inhibit)
Promising transmission-blocking vaccine candidate: targeting the protein would prevent transmission of the parasite decreasing the malaria burden. Gametocyte surface protein required for male fertility.
In transgenic mice a synthetic peptide, PHDP5, inhibited a pathway that leads to tau build-up and reversed memory and learning deficits. The study is published in Brain Research. Using a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, this study sheds some light on a novel potential treatment pathway. 26 June 2024 The results achieved in the trials are very positive. The amino acid sequence comes from Dynamin-1 (Human) which is one of the major causes of Dementia and Alzheimers. This peptide - amino acids 560-571 in the Dynamin sequence - is a potent inhibitor of Dynamin.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha (PIK3R1) (Simulate)
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The enzyme comprises a 110 kD catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit of either 85, 55, or 50 kD. This gene encodes the 85 kD regulatory subunit. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase plays an important role in the metabolic actions of insulin, and a mutation in this gene has been associated with insulin resistance. Alternative splicing of this gene results in four transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Necessary for the insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Plays an important role in signaling in response to FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, KITLG/SCF, KIT, PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Likewise, plays a role in ITGB2 signaling.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) (Simulate)
Encodes the p110a catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which is involved in various signaling pathways related to cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Mutations in PIK3CA are frequently found in various cancers, including breast, colorectal, and endometrial cancers.
PI3K catalytic subunit p110 (Inhibit)
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival, and intracellular trafficking. There are several isoforms of PI3K, but the most studied isoform in the context of cancer and cellular signaling is the catalytic subunit p110a, encoded by the PIK3CA gene.
Pinealon is a 3-amino acid peptide and shows neuroprotective properties. Pinealon prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and suppresses the activation of ERK 1/2. Pinealon stimulates the functional activity of the main cellular elements of brain tissue, reduces the level of spontaneous cell death. Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia.
PINK1 (PTEN-Induced Kinase 1) (Simulate)
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins such as PRKN and DNM1L, to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components.
Plasmin is a serine protease involved in the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots, a process known as fibrinolysis.
Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) (Simulate)
For years, scientists have known that the anti-aging hormone klotho, infusions of young blood, and exercise each improve brain function in older mice. But they didnt know why. Now, two UC San Francisco research teams and a team from the University of Queensland (Australia) have identified platelet factor 4 (PF4) a small protein released by blood platelets as a common denominator behind all three. Platelets are blood cells that normally release PF4 to alert the immune system and clot blood at wounds. The researchers found that PF4 also rejuvenates the old brain and boosts the young brain, potentially opening the door to new therapies that aim to restore brain function, if not tap into a fountain of youth.
PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma) (Simulate)
Regulates glucose metabolism, beneficial.
Contains the following genes: ATM, SPOP, MED12, PIKCA, FOXA1 & TP53.
Protein E6 of Human Papillomavirus type 33 (HPV-33) is a viral oncoprotein involved in the development of cancers caused by HPV infection. HPV-33 is one of the high-risk types of human papillomaviruses, associated with cervical cancer, other anogenital cancers, and some oropharyngeal cancers. Plays a major role in the induction and maintenance of cellular transformation. Acts mainly as an oncoprotein by stimulating the destruction of many host cell key regulatory proteins. E6 associates with host UBE3A/E6-AP ubiquitin-protein ligase, and inactivates tumor suppressors TP53 and TP73 by targeting them to the 26S proteasome for degradation.
E7 disrupts normal cell cycle regulation, leading to unregulated cell growth and proliferation, which, along with E6s inhibition of apoptosis, drives the progression of HPV-associated cancers. By inactivating tumor suppressors like pRb, E7 promotes genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. It can also impair other cellular processes, such as DNA repair, further increasing the risk of mutations. Plays a role in viral genome replication by driving entry of quiescent cells into the cell cycle. Stimulation of progression from G1 to S phase allows the virus to efficiently use the cellular DNA replicating machinery to achieve viral genome replication. E7 protein has both transforming and trans-activating activities.
Protein-interacting protein 3 Gene BNIP3 (Simulate)
Apoptosis-inducing protein that can overcome BCL2 suppression. May play a role in repartitioning calcium between the two major intracellular calcium stores in association with BCL2. Involved in mitochondrial quality control via its interaction with SPATA18/MIEAP: in response to mitochondrial damage, participates in mitochondrial protein catabolic process (also named MALM) leading to the degradation of damaged proteins inside mitochondria. The physical interaction of SPATA18/MIEAP, BNIP3 and BNIP3L/NIX at the mitochondrial outer membrane regulates the opening of a pore in the mitochondrial double membrane in order to mediate the translocation of lysosomal proteins from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix. Plays an important role in the calprotectin (S100A8/A9)-induced cell death pathway. Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength during aging. It is a degenerative process that brings about a decrease in wellbeing and increased dependency. There have been an increased number of studies indicating that this muscle atrophy is related to chronic inflammation. Dr. Atonnio Zorzano and his lab have discovered that the inflammatory process that causes muscle atrophy is associated with the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in cells. They have also described how the increase in the levels of BNIP3, a protein related to the clearance of damaged mitochondria, is linked to better muscle aging. On the flip side, if BNIP3 levels are low, at advanced ages, more damaged mitochondria accumulate, and this triggers inflammatory processes which can cause muscle atrophy in turn.
Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) (Simulate)
PRG4 is involved in lubrication and protection of mucosal surfaces. Since it is found to be altered in Sjogren's patients, the focus would likely be on restoring or enhancing its function rather than inhibiting it. Enhancing PRG4 levels could improve symptoms related to dryness.
PPARG (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma) (Simulate)
CBD activates PPAR receptors, which play a role in the regulation of lipid uptake, insulin sensitivity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Activation of PPAR by CBD may have implications for the treatment of metabolic disorders and inflammation.
Progerin, the protein responsible for the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), is a partially deleted form of nuclear lamin A, and its expression has been suggested as a cause for dysfunctional nuclear membrane and premature senescence.
Progesterone Receptor (PR) (Inhibit)
Similar to ER, PR influences the growth of breast cancer cells by interacting with specific DNA regions to activate growth-promoting genes.
Proprotein Convertase SubtilisinKexin Type 9 (PCSK9) (Inhibit)
PCSK9 is involved in cholesterol homeostasis. It binds to LDL receptors and targets them for degradation, thus controlling the levels of LDL cholesterol. PCSK9 is a key therapeutic target in cholesterol management, with inhibitors being used to treat hypercholesterolemia.
PSEN1 (Presenilin 1) (Inhibit)
Catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). Mutations contribute to disease.
PSEN2 (Presenilin 2) (Inhibit)
Probable catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). Requires the other members of the gamma-secretase complex to have a protease activity. May play a role in intracellular signaling and gene expression or in linking chromatin to the nuclear membrane. May function in the cytoplasmic partitioning of proteins. The holoprotein functions as a calcium-leak channel that allows the passive movement of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol and is involved in calcium homeostasis. Mutations contribute to disease.
PTEN-L is the long version of PTEN, one of the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in cancer. Loss or variation in PTEN gene/protein levels is commonly observed in a broad spectrum of human cancers, while germline PTEN mutations cause inherited syndromes that lead to increased risk of tumors.
AMACR is an enzyme involved in fatty acid metabolism, frequently overexpressed in prostate cancer. Used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, particularly in biopsy samples.
Rab11 family-interacting protein 3 (RAB11FIP3) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with RAB11FIP3 include Congenital Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy A7 :!: and Brugada Syndrome 5.| Among its related pathways are Organelle biogenesis and maintenance and Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane| Function| Acts as a regulator of endocytic traffic by participating in membrane delivery. Required for the abcission step in cytokinesis, possibly by acting as an 'address tag' delivering recycling endosome membranes to the cleavage furrow during late cytokinesis. Also required for the structural integrity of the endosomal recycling compartment during interphase. May play a role in breast cancer cell motility by regulating actin cytoskeleton. Acts as an adapter protein linking the dynein motor complex to various cargos and converts dynein from a non-processive to a highly processive motor in the presence of dynactin. Facilitates the interaction between dynein and dynactin and activates dynein processivity (the abil ity to move along a microtubule for a long distance without falling off the track) (PubMed:25035494).
Rab11 family-interacting protein 4 (RAB11FIP4) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with RAB11FIP4 include Chromosome 17Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Neurofibromatosis. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include calcium ion bindi| Acts as a regulator of endocytic traffic by participating in membrane delivery. Required for the abcission step in cytokinesis, possibly by acting as an 'address tag' delivering recycling endosome membranes to the cleavage furrow during late cytokinesis. In case of infection by HCMV (human cytomegalovirus), may participate in egress of the virus out of nucleus; this function is independent of ARF6.
Rab11 family-interacting protein 5 (RAB11FIP5) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with RAB11FIP5 include Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Among its related pathways is wtCFTR and delta508-CFTR traffic / Generic schema (norm and CF). Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include small GTPase binding and gamma-tubulin binding.| Function| Rab effector involved in protein trafficking from apical recycling endosomes to the apical plasma membrane. Involved in insulin granule exocytosis.| May regulate V-ATPase intracellular transport in response to extracellular acidosis.
Ras-related protein Rab-10 (RAB10) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with RAB10 include Spastic Paraplegia 3, Autosomal Dominant and Carpenter Syndrome 1. Among its related pathways are Innate Immune System and Vesicle-mediated transport.| Function| The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. That Rab is mainly involved in the biosynthetic transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Regulates, for instance, SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose transporter-enriched vesicles delivery to the plasma membrane. In parallel, it regulates the transport of TLR4, a toll-like receptor to the plasma membrane and therefore may be important for innate immune response. Plays al so a specific role in asymmetric protein transport to the plasma membrane within the polarized neuron and epithelial cells. In neurons, it is involved in axonogenesis through regulation of vesicular membrane trafficking toward the axonal plasma membrane while in epithelial cells, it regulates transport from the Golgi to the basolateral membrane. Moreover, may play a role in the basolateral recycling pathway and in phagosome maturation. According to PubMed:23263280, may play a role in endoplasmic reticulum dynamics and morphology controlling tubulation along microtubules and tubules fusion.| Together with LRRK2, RAB8A, and RILPL1, it regulates ciliogenesis (PubMed:30398148). When phosphorylated by LRRK2 on Thr-73, binds RILPL1 and inhibits ciliogenesis (PubMed:30398148). Participates in the export of a subset of neosynthesized proteins through a Rab8-Rab10-Rab11-dependent endososomal export route| (PubMed:32344433). ( RAB10_HUMAN,P61026 )| (Microbial infection) Upon Legionella pneumophila infection promotes endoplasmic reticulum recruitment and bacterial replication. Plays a role in remodeling the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) into an endoplasmic reticulum-like vacuole. ( RAB10_HUMAN,P61026)| Source: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. gene=RAB10.
Ras-related protein Rab-11 (RAB11) (Simulate)
Rab11a was originally identified as a vesicle trafficking protein, which could control the sensing of the relative levels of Rac activity. Rab11a contributes to mitotic spindle organization/orientation and endosome recycling to the membrane. Active Rab11a is required for E-cadherin trafficking and lumen formation during epithelial morphogenesis.| Function | The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. The small Rab GTPase RAB11A regulates endocytic recycling. Acts as a major regulator of membrane delivery during cytokinesis.| Together with MYO5B and RAB8A participates in epithelial cell polarization. Together with RAB3IP, RAB8A, the exocyst complex, PARD3, PRKCI, ANXA2, CDC42 and DNMBP promotes transcytosis of PODXL to the apical membrane initiation sites (AMIS), apical surface formation and lumenogenesis.| Together with MYO5B participates in CFTR trafficking to the plasma membrane and TF (Transferrin) recycling in nonpolarized cells. Required in a complex with MYO5B and RAB11FIP2 for the transport of NPC1L1 to the plasma membrane. Participates in the sorting and basolateral transport of CDH1 from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Regulates the recycling of FCGRT (receptor of Fc region of monomeric Ig G) to basolateral membranes.| May also play a role in melanosome transport and release from melanocytes.| Promotes Rabin8/RAB3IP preciliary vesicular trafficking to mother centriole by forming a ciliary targeting complex containing Rab11, ASAP1, Rabin8/RAB3IP, RAB11FIP3 and ARF4, thereby regulating ciliogenesis initiation |(PubMed:25673879, 31204173).| On the contrary, upon LPAR1 receptor signaling pathway activation, interaction with phosphorylated WDR44 prevents Rab11-RAB3IP-RAB11FIP3 complex formation and cilia growth (PubMed:31204173).| Participates in the export of a subset of neosynthesized proteins through a Rab8-Rab10-Rab11-endososomal dependent export route via interaction with WDR44 (PubMed:32344433). ( RB11A_HUMAN,P62491 )| Source: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. ene=RAB11A.
Ras-related protein Rab-11B (RAB11B) (Simulate)
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion.| The small Rab GTPase RAB11B plays a role in endocytic recycling, regulating apical recycling of several transmembrane proteins including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator/CFTR, epithelial sodium channel/ENaC, potassium voltage-gated channel, and voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel. May also regulate constitutive and regulated secretion, like insulin granule exocytosis. Required for melanosome transport and release from melanocytes. Also regulates V-ATPase intracellular transport in response to extracellular acidosis.| Promotes Rabin8/RAB3IP precil iary vesicular trafficking to mother centriole by forming a ciliary targeting complex containing Rab11, ASAP1, Rabin8/RAB3IP, RAB11FIP3 and ARF4, thereby regulating ciliogenesis initiation (Probable). On the contrary, upon LPAR1 receptor signaling pathway activation, interaction with phosphorylated WDR44 prevents Rab11-RAB3IP-RAB11FIP3 complex formation and cilia growth (Probable). ( RB11B_HUMAN,Q15907)| Source:https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. ene=RAB11B.
Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase, whose only known function is to generate angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma, initiating a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney. Regulates blood pressure, high levels contribute to disease.
Hormone that seems to suppress insulin ability to stimulate glucose uptake into adipose cells. Potentially links obesity to diabetes. Promotes chemotaxis in myeloid cells (PubMed:15064728)|. Hormone that seems to suppress insulin ability to stimulate glucose uptake into adipose cells. Potentially links obesity to diabetes. Promotes chemotaxis in myeloid cells (PubMed:15064728).
Resistin Antagonists (Simulate)
Peptide 2816 forms a hairpin in the protein. Only one face of the hairpin may be involved in receptor recognition. The key residues here are R84-A85-E86. Another advantage of the peptide 2816 is that this region is 100% conserved in higher mammals and 75% conserved with respect to murine resistin. Given the high sequence similarity in this fragment, it is possible to raise an antibody that will cross-react with resistin protein from multiple species.
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) (Simulate)
Rb regulates the cell cycle and prevents excessive cell growth.
Rev (Regulator of Viral Expression) (Inhibit)
Regulates viral mRNA export. Escorts unspliced or incompletely spliced viral pre-mRNAs (late transcripts) out of the nucleus of infected cells. These pre-mRNAs carry a recognition sequence called Rev responsive element (RRE) located in the env gene, that is not present in fully spliced viral mRNAs (early transcripts). This function is essential since most viral proteins are translated from unspliced or partially spliced pre-mRNAs which cannot exit the nucleus by the pathway used by fully processed cellular mRNAs. Rev itself is translated from a fully spliced mRNA that readily exits the nucleus. Rev's nuclear localization signal (NLS) binds directly to KPNB1/Importin beta-1 without previous binding to KPNA1/Importin alpha-1.
RS-17 has been shown to be a potent antagonist of CD47. Experimental results have shown it to be considerably more effective that B6H12. Use of the polypeptide RS-17 of claim 1 having anti-CD47 immune checkpoint antagonist activity for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer; the cancer is epithelial tissue cancer, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lung cancer, peritoneal cancer, hepatocarcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.
Selank (Selanc) acetate is a synthetic peptide derived from tuftsin. Selank acetate has anxiolytic activity, and is a nootropic, neuropsychotropic, antidepressant, and antistress compound.
Semax is a nootropic neuroprotective peptide. Semax can be used in the research of brain stroke.
Serine-protein kinase ATM (ATM) (Simulate)
Key protein involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and is critical for maintaining genomic stability. Mutations in the ATM gene are associated with ataxia-telangiectasia, a rare neurodegenerative disorder, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks (DSBs), apoptosis and genotoxic stresses such as ionizing ultraviolet A light (UVA), thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor.
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (Simulate)
Controls the night/day rhythm of melatonin production in the pineal gland. Catalyzes the N-acetylation of serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, the penultimate step in the synthesis of melatonin.
This enzyme, isolated from a Serratia strain presents in the gut of silkworms, is used as a food supplement because it is reported to induce fibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory and anti-edemic (prevents swelling and fluid retention) activity in a number of tissues.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (Inhibit)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus involved in Covid 19 disease. Attaches the virion to the cell membrane by interacting with host receptor, initiating the infection. The major receptor is host ACE2
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (Inhibit)
STAT3 and its upstream activator IL6R have been implicated in the progression of prostate cancer and are possible future therapeutic targets / Bone metastases showed significantly higher expression of both pSTAT3 and IL6R in comparison to lymph node and visceral metastases. STAT3 mRNA levels were significantly higher in bone than in lymph node and visceral metastases, whereas no significant difference in IL6R mRNA expression was observed. Our study strongly supports the suggested view of targeting STAT3 as a therapeutic option in patients with metastatic CRPC.
Autoantigen, promotes inflammation.
Smad proteins can suppress tumor formation.
Somatotropin aka. Human Growth Hormone (Simulate)
Plays an important role in growth control. Its major role in stimulating body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete IGF-1. It stimulates both the differentiation and proliferation of myoblasts. It also stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle and other tissues.
Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) (Simulate)
Involved in the regulation of protein degradation and has been implicated in various cancers, including prostate cancer.
Main component of the anti-COVID19 vaccines BNT162b2/Pfizer-Biontech and mRNA-1273/Moderna; in which the mutations of Lys-986 (K986P) and Val-987 (V987P) have been added to stabilize the protein in the prefusion state. Main component of the anti-COVID19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S/Janssen Pharmaceutical; in which the mutations Arg-682 (R682S), Arg-685 (R685G), Lys-986 (K986P) and Val-987 (V987P) have been added to stabilize the protein in the prefusion state. Main component of the anti-COVID vaccine Chadox1/AZD1222/AstraZeneca; in which the human tPA leader sequence is added in N-terminus to enhance protein secretion.
May improve the management of calcium oxalate kidney stones by stimulating the production of enzymes associated with the degradation of oxalates in tissues and organs.
Subtilisin (Nattokinase) (Simulate)
Nattokinase is serine protease of the subtilisin family. When in contact with human blood or blood clots, it exhibits a strong fibrinolytic activity and works by inactivating plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.
Superoxidase dismutase SOD 1 (Simulate)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme produced by the cells of living organisms, animals and plants. Its function is to trap free radicals produced by metabolism. Superoxide dismutase is a powerful antioxidant. Three forms of SOD coexist in humans. There are two types of CuZn-SOD. The first type (SOD1) is a dimeric protein found in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial intermembrane space. The second type of CuZn-SOD (SOD3) is a tetrameric extracellular tetrameric protein. This protein has the ability to bind to the surface of cell membranes or in type I collagen, protecting cells from exogenous oxidative stress. Mn-SOD (SOD2) is located in the mitochondrial matrix, but also on the inner wall of mitochondriamitochondria, protecting them from oxidative stress generated by the entire chain involved in cellular respiration. The genes corresponding to SOD1-3 are located on chromosomes 21, 6 and 4 respectively.
Superoxidase dismutase SOD 2 (Simulate)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme produced by the cells of living organisms, animals and plants. Its function is to trap free radicals produced by metabolism. Superoxide dismutase is a powerful antioxidant. Three forms of SOD coexist in humans. There are two types of CuZn-SOD. The first type (SOD1) is a dimeric protein found in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial intermembrane space. The second type of CuZn-SOD (SOD3) is a tetrameric extracellular tetrameric protein. This protein has the ability to bind to the surface of cell membranes or in type I collagen, protecting cells from exogenous oxidative stress. Mn-SOD (SOD2) is located in the mitochondrial matrix, but also on the inner wall of mitochondriamitochondria, protecting them from oxidative stress generated by the entire chain involved in cellular respiration. The genes corresponding to SOD1-3 are located on chromosomes 21, 6 and 4 respectively.
Superoxidase dismutase SOD 3 (Simulate)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme produced by the cells of living organisms, animals and plants. Its function is to trap free radicals produced by metabolism. Superoxide dismutase is a powerful antioxidant. Three forms of SOD coexist in humans. There are two types of CuZn-SOD.The first type (SOD1) is a dimeric protein found in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial intermembrane space. The second type of CuZn-SOD (SOD3) is a tetrameric extracellulartetrameric protein. This protein has the ability to bind to the surface of cell membranes or in type I collagen, protecting cells from exogenous oxidative stress. Mn-SOD (SOD2) is located in the mitochondrial matrix, but also on the inner wall of mitochondriamitochondria, protecting them from oxidative stress generated by the entire chain involved in cellular respiration. The genes corresponding to SOD1-3 are located on chromosomes 21, 6 and 4 respectively.
Probably involved in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination particularly in the periventricular areas of the brain. It leads to physical and cognitive disabilities. Viral particles or intracellular RNA of HERV-W family members have been detected in tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis or schizophrenia. Orthologs in P.troglodytes, G.gorilla, P.pygmaeus and H.moloch. It can make pseudotypes with HIV-1 virions and confer infectivity. Can also induce cellular resistance to spleen necrosis virus in vitro. HERV-W family subgenomic RNAs have been observed. This provirus is intergenic, the closest flanking genes being ODAG and PEX1. The human genome contains a high percentage of proviral-like elements, also called endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that are the genomic traces of ancient infections of the germline by exogenous retr oviruses. Although most of these elements are defective, some have conserved a functional envelope (env) gene, most probably diverted by the host for its benefit.
Suppressing the proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease, such as amyloid-beta (AB) and tau, has been a major focus in Alzheimer's research. Tau protein abnormalities lead to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons, contributing to the disruption of neuronal function and cell death.
TB4 (TB-500 or Thymosin beta 4) (Simulate)
TB-500 may promote blood vessel formation, tissue repair, and cell healing. It can stimulate the migration of endothelial cell, potentially leading to the formation of new blood vessels. TB-500 has the potential to prevent cell damage and promote cell healing in various tissues.
Associated with tumor progression and metastasis in cancer. Contributes to chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases. Can lead to pathological tissue remodeling in chronic cardiovascular conditions.
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) (Inhibit)
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. Active in progenitor and cancer cells. Inactive, or very low activity, in normal somatic cells. TERT activity is tightly regulated. In most somatic cells, telomerase activity is low or absent, leading to gradual telomere shortening and cellular aging. In contrast, many cancer cells reactivate telomerase, allowing them to proliferate indefinitely.TERT is the catalytic subunit of the telomerase enzyme complex. It adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of telomeres, compensating for the loss of DNA sequences that occurs during DNA replication. This function is essential for maintaining chromosomal stability and cellular lifespan. Because of its role in cellular immortality, TERT is a potential target for anti-cancer therapies. Telomerase inhibitors are being explored as possible treatments to limit the growth of cancer cells.
Using male rats for an experimental model of infertility it was shown that prostatilene and testilin exert a stimulating effect on spermatogenesis and androgenic functions of the testis. Those agents appear to correct androgenic-estrogenic balance in the animal organism as a model of infertility. The experiment permitted a conclusion to be drawn to the effect that prostatilene and testilin are liable to be of clinical benefit when used to stimulate spermatogenesis in infertility and hypoandrogenization; besides, the rise in androgens may stimulate copulative function in patients with sexual problems. https://pubmed. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/8630775/.
Thrombospondin-1 can inhibit the formation of new blood vessels necessary for tumor growth.
Thymulin (formerly called FTS) is a well-defined nonapeptide hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells. Its biological activity and antigenicity depend upon the presence of the metal zinc in the molecule. This pharmacologically active metallopeptide induces the differentiation of T-cells and enhances several functions of the various T-cell subsets in normal or partially thymus-deficient recipients. Its effect on suppressor T-cells is, so far, the most remarkable and should be the first to find useful clinical applications. The peptide is a natural hormone, available in synthetic form. It is not toxic and one may foresee its clinical use as one of the major immunoregulatory agents in the near future. Source: https://pubmed. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/2657247/ Thymulin requires zinc for biological activity.
Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) (Simulate)
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme crucial for the production of thyroid hormones. It plays a key role in the process of iodine organification, which is essential for the synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). TPO catalyzes the process of attaching iodine atoms to tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin protein. This is a critical step in the formation of thyroid hormones. Coupling of iodinated tyrosines: TPO is also involved in coupling two iodinated tyrosine molecules together to form T4 and T3. TPO is often targeted by the immune system in autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. When the immune system attacks TPO, it can disrupt the production of thyroid hormones.
TNFa (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) (Inhibit)
Promotes inflammation.
TP53, a crucial tumor suppressor gene, is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers. It can activate DNA repair proteins, induce apoptosis, and halt the growth of cells with damaged DNA.
TRPV1 (Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1) (Simulate)
CBD binds to TRPV1 receptors, which are involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation, and body temperature.
Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide and a macrophage/microglial activator.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) (Inhibit)
A cytokine that plays a key role in inflammation, reducing inflammation in the intestinal tract.
TYB4 (Thymosin Beta-4) (Simulate)
Thymosin Beta-4 (T4 or TYB4) is a peptide that has various therapeutic applications. such as wound healing, tissue repair and accelerated healing. Thymosin Beta-4 has been shown to accelerate the healing of wounds, including skin, corneal, and internal injuries. It promotes cell migration, angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), and collagen deposition, which are crucial for tissue repair. T4 can reduce inflammation at the site of injury, further aiding in the healing process. Thymosin Beta-4 has potential therapeutic applications in repairing heart tissue following myocardial infarction (heart attack). It can enhance the survival and migration of cardiac progenitor cells, thus contributing to heart tissue regeneration. T4 is used in the treatment of corneal injuries and diseases, helping to heal corneal abrasions and reduce scarring. Neurological Protection and Neuroprotective Effects Research suggests that Thymosin Beta-4 may have neuroprotective properties, making it a candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases and injuries to the nervous system. Reduction of Fibrosis T4 can inhibit the formation of scar tissue (fibrosis) in organs such as the liver, lungs, and kidneys, which is beneficial in conditions where excessive fibrosis is a problem. Preliminary studies have indicated that Thymosin Beta-4 might promote hair growth and be useful in treating conditions like alopecia (hair loss).
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor (Inhibit)
Unveiling the Role of SARS-CoV-2 or mRNA Vaccine Spike Protein in Macrophage Activation Syndrome . (MAS) is a very severe condition that can be fatal. Following infection with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination, particularly with mRNA encoding the viral spike protein, many cases of MAS have been reported in published studies. We reiterate our suggestion regarding the importance of the impairment of the RAS in contributing to numerous non-genetic human diseases, including immunological syndromes. Management MAS typically involves high-dose corticosteroids, which can occasionally lead to fatal outcomes. Alternative treatments such as cyclosporin A (CyA), TNFa inhibitors, and IL-1 blockers like anakinra have shown varying degrees of success, with CyA being notably effective in severe or corticosteroid-resistant cases. Additionally, drugs that inhibit the RAS (such as ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, and AT1R antagonists) and blockers of the TLR4 receptor show promise in managing MAS.
Mitochondrial protein responsible for thermogenic respiration, a specialized capacity of brown adipose tissue and beige fat that participates in non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis to temperature and diet variations and more generally to the regulation of energy balance. Functions as a long-chain fatty acid/LCFA and proton symporter, simultaneously transporting one LCFA and one proton through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Involved in thermogenics to assist weight loss.
USAG-1 Sclerostin domain-containing protein 1 precursor [Homo sapiens] (Inhibit)
Sclerostin is a small protein expressed by the SOST gene in osteocytes, bone cells that respond to mechanical stress applied to the skeleton and appear to play an important role in the regulation of bone remodeling. Inhibiting this protein may regrow teeth.
This protein is structurally and functionally related to dystrophin, a protein involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle fibers. Utrophin plays a compensatory role in the muscle fibers of individuals affected by muscular dystrophy, especially where dystrophin is deficient.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 (VPAC1) (Simulate)
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 also known as VPAC1, is a protein, that in humans is encoded by the VIPR1 gene. VPAC1 is expressed in the brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala), lung, prostate, peripheral blood leukocytes, liver, small intestine, heart, spleen, placenta, kidney, thymus and testis. It is a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a small neuropeptide. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is involved in smooth muscle relaxation, exocrine and endocrine secretion, and water and ion flux in lung and intestinal epithelia. Its actions are effected through integral membrane receptors associated with a guanine nucleotide binding protein which activates adenylate cyclase.
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Receptor 2 (VIPR2) (Simulate)
VIPR2 is a receptor for Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), primarily involved in immune regulation, vasodilation, neurotransmission, and gastrointestinal function. Its widespread distribution and involvement in diverse physiological systems make it a key player in health and disease, including potential roles in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders.
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (Simulate)
Participates in the induction of key genes involved in the response to hypoxia and in the induction of angiogenesis such as HIF1A. Involved in protecting cells from hypoxia-mediated cell death. Growth factor active in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth. Induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration, inhibits apoptosis and induces permeabilization of blood vessels. Binds to the FLT1/VEGFR1 and KDR/VEGFR2 receptors, heparan sulfate and heparin. Binds to the NRP1/neuropilin-1 receptor. Binding to NRP1 initiates a signaling pathway needed for motor neuron axon guidance and cell body migration, including for the caudal migration of facial motor neurons from rhombomere 4 to rhombomere 6 during embryonic development. Also binds the DEAR/FBXW7-AS1 receptor. Binds to the KDR receptor but does not activate downstream signaling pathways, does not activate angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 7 (ELOV7) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:3(n-3) acyl-CoAs and C18:3(n-6)-CoAs. Also active toward C20:4-, C18:0-, C18:1-, C18:2- and C16:0-CoAs, and weakly toward C20:0-CoA. Little or no activity toward C22:0-, C24:0-, or C26:0-CoAs. May participate in the production of saturated and polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that elongates fatty acids with 12, 14 and 16 carbons with higher activity toward C16:0 acyl-CoAs. Catalyzes the synthesis of unsaturated C16 long chain fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, C18:0 and those with low desaturation degree. May participate in the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediator.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. In conditions where the essential linoleic and alpha linoleic fatty acids are lacking it is also involved in the synthesis of Mead acid from oleic acid.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 4 (ELOVL4) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of very long chain saturated (VLC-SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. May play a critical role in early brain and skin development.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 3 (ELOVL3) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoA substrates with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:0 acyl-CoAs. May participate in the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 2 (ELOVL2) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyunsaturated very long chain fatty acid (C20- and C22-PUFA), acting specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C20:4(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 1 (ELOVL1) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated and monounsaturated acyl-CoA substrates, with the highest activity towards C22:0 acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of both saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. Important for saturated C24:0 and monounsaturated C24:1 sphingolipid synthesis. Indirectly inhibits RPE65 via production of VLCFAs.
Bioregulatory peptide developed to support and stimulate the function of the vascular system. This peptide is part of a larger group of biologically active substances known as bioregulatory peptides, which consist of short sequences of amino acids. Designed specifically to support the vascular system, including the blood vessels and the heart. Research shows that bioregulator Vesugen can improve blood circulation and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Many of these diseases are directly related to obstruction or damage to blood vessels, so supporting the vascular system can lead to significant health benefits. Vesugen works by promoting the regulation and balance of physiological processes in the body by improving the functioning of the vascular system. It can stimulate the production of new vessels (angiogenesis), improve vessel elasticity and reduce the inflammatory process associated with vascular diseases. Like other bioregulatory peptides, Vesugen is well tolerated by the body because it consists of amino acids that are a natural part of our bodies. However, like any medicine, it is recommended that Vesugen be used as directed by a specialist.
The synthetic dipeptide Vilon is implicated in regeneration of eye retinal cells and brain neurons and promotes cell proliferation and wound healing. Lysylglutamic Acid is the chemocal name for Vilon. Vilon is a potent immunomodulator and anti-aging bioregulator peptide with ample research to back its benefits. There are also high levels of evidence that Vilon may help prevent/reduce the risk of cancer development and progression. Interestingly, research has shown that Vilon appears to provide better anti-aging effects when administered early in life and at consistent, low doses. These findings may help open the door to better anti-aging research and help scientists to better understand how epigenetic regulation plays an important role in longevity. Source: https://www. peptidesciences. com/vilon Considered a bioregulator peptide, Vilon may have the potential to improve the immune system, especially in immunocompromised subjects. Researchers suggest Vilon may activate the interleukin-2 protein in spleen cells, which is critical in maintaining immunity. It may stimulate the body to fight against microbial infection and foreign bodies and prevents harmful autoimmune responses. Vilon has been suggested to activate white blood cells and spleen cells and potentially naturally boost the body to protect against autoimmune ailments. A study was conducted in 2002 with three bioregulatory peptides to study their potential on interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis in spleen cells. According to this study, 'The intensity of interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis in splenocytes depended on the type, concentration, and duration of treatment with the peptides. Vilon and Epithalon were most potent, while Cortagen produced a less pronounced effect on interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis'. Furthermore, Vilon peptides may possibly mitigate autoimmune action by interacting with the thymus gland. The thymus gland is considered responsible for the proliferation of T-helper cells,and wit h the help of the Vilon peptide, this proliferation may be further enhanced. As per N N Sevostianiva et al. , the Vilon peptide is 'considered as a bioactive substance possessing immunomodulator and antiallergic activity. ' The effect of the synthetic peptide bioregulator Vilon on structural and facultative heterochromatin of cultured lymphocytes from old people has been studied. The data obtained indicate that Vilon (a) induces unrolling (deheterochromatinization) of total heterochromatin; (b) activates synthetic processes caused by the reactivation of ribosomal genes as a result of deheterochromatinization of nucleolus organizer regions; (c) releases the genes repressed due to the condensation of euchromatic regions forming facultative heterochromatin; (d) does not induce decondensation of pericentromeric structural heterochromatin. Our results indicate that Vilon causes progressive activation (deheterochromatinization) of the facultative heterochromatin with increased aging.
VIP acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It plays a role in circadian rhythms, sleep regulation, and cognitive functions. VIP is involved in regulating intestinal motility, secretion of digestive juices, and dilation of blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract. It helps maintain the homeostasis of the digestive system. VIP has anti-inflammatory properties. It inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This makes it a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. VIP acts as a vasodilator, helping to lower blood pressure and increase blood flow. It can be protective in conditions like hypertension. VIP has been shown to have bronchodilatory effects, which can be beneficial in conditions like asthma. In some cases, VIP can promote tumor growth and metastasis by stimulating cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Its role in cancer can vary depending on the type of cancer and the local tumor environment.
Autoantigen, triggers autoimmune response.
SIRT2 is a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, which are NAD-dependent enzymes that regulate various cellular processes, including metabolism, aging, and stress resistance. Specifically, SIRT2 functions primarily as a deacetylase that removes acetyl groups from target proteins, modifying their activity, stability, or localization. This isoform has been chosen as the canonical sequence.|.Notably, SIRT2, a cytoplasmic protein, exhibits the unique capability to translocate into the nucleus and it is abundant in the brain, including the striatum, spinal cord, and medial pallium, and its levels rise with age [21]. SIRT2's enzymatic activities are NAD+ dependent, and it catalyses deacetylation of both histone and non-histone substrates. SIRT2 regulates a variety of biological activities, including genomic integrity, mitosis, food metabolism, ageing, mitochondrial activity, cell motility, myelination, and apoptosis. SIRT2 was revealed to impact a-syn accumulation and toxicity, making it a potential suspect in the pathological process of PD [22]. Various cell and in vivo studies suggest that toxicity due to a-syn can be reduced by inhibiting the activity of SIRT2 with some therapeutics, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity are unclear. The balance between acetylation and deac etylation is altered in both ageing and neurodegeneration, and a link between neuroprotection and acetylation of non-histone proteins has recently been found.
This isoform has been chosen as the canonical sequence.| |Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an NAD+-dependant protein deacetylase that is known to halt the cell cycle and induce DNA repair, slow down apoptosis, regulate premature cell senescence and diminish endothelial senescence and vascular aging. This enzyme also interacts with the IIS pathway, promotes fat mobilization, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces the incidence of age-related diseases, decreases the rate of aging and increases life expectancy. SIRT1 polymorphisms have been associated with diseases such as diabetes, body mass index, obesity, cholesterol metabolism, energy expenditure, tolerance to glucose and CVD. SIRT1 is a vital protein involved in regulating aging, metabolism, and stress responses. Its activity is closely tied to cellular energy levels through NAD, making it a promising target for interventions in age-related diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurodegeneration. Research into SIRT1 activators and modulators holds great potential for health and longevity.
Polyethylene terephthalate hydrolase (PETase) (Simulate)
PETase is an enzyme that can break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common plastic used in bottles, textiles, and packaging. It was first discovered in 2016 in the bacterium Ideonella sakaiensis. PETase catalyzes the hydrolysis of PET into its monomers, terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, which can be reused to produce new plastic or other products.
Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein (THY1) (Simulate)
May play a role in cell-cell or cell-ligand interactions during synaptogenesis and other events in the brain. :P| Thy-1 is a small membrane glycoprotein and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. It is abundantly expressed in many cell types including neurons and is anchored to the outer membrane leaflet via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol tail. Thy-1 displays a number of interesting properties such as fast lateral diffusion, which allows it to get in and out of membrane nanodomains with different lipid composition. Thy-1 displays a broad expression in different cell types and plays confirmed roles in cell development, adhesion and differentiation.| Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2019.00027/full.
Translocated Promoter Region Nucleoprotein (TPR) (Simulate)
TPR is a critical nucleoprotein in the nuclear pore complex, essential for nucleocytoplasmic transport and nuclear organization. It is also implicated in cell division and gene regulation, with its dysregulation associated with various diseases, including cancers and nuclear transport disorders.
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) (Simulate)
SMAD4 (Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 4) is a key intracellular protein involved in the TGF- (transforming growth factor-beta) signaling pathway, which regulates various cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and tissue homeostasis. SMAD4 acts as a central mediator by forming complexes with receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) upon activation by TGF- or related ligands, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). These complexes translocate to the nucleus, where they regulate the expression of target genes. SMAD4 is a tumor suppressor gene, and its mutations or deletions are implicated in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and juvenile polyposis syndrome. Loss of SMAD4 disrupts TGF- signaling, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis, contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. As a critical regulator of cellular signaling, SMAD4 is a focus of research for understanding cancer biology and developing targeted therapies.
Nuclear pore complex protein (Nup93) (Simulate)
Nuclear pore complex protein Nup93 is an essential component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which regulates the selective transport of macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nup93 serves as a structural scaffold within the NPC, interacting with other nucleoporins, such as Nup205 and Nup188, to maintain the integrity and functionality of the complex. Additionally, Nup93 plays a role in nuclear organization and chromatin regulation, influencing gene expression. Mutations or dysregulation of Nup93 have been implicated in diseases, including certain cancers and developmental disorders, by disrupting nuclear transport and genome stability. Its critical role in maintaining nuclear-cytoplasmic communication makes Nup93 a vital focus in cell biology and disease research.
Lamin-B2 (LMNB2) is a type of nuclear lamin, a structural protein that forms a network of intermediate filaments lining the inner nuclear membrane, collectively known as the nuclear lamina. It is encoded by the LMNB2 gene and plays a crucial role in maintaining nuclear shape, integrity, and stability. Lamin-B2 is also involved in organizing chromatin, regulating gene expression, and facilitating nuclear envelope assembly during mitosis. Its dynamic interactions are essential for normal cell division and nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. Mutations or dysregulation of LMNB2 have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and laminopathies (a group of disorders affecting nuclear envelope function), highlighting its importance in cell function and genomic stability. Lamin-B2 is particularly critical during early development and in tissues with high mitotic activity.
Lamin-B1 (LMNB1) is a structural protein that is a key component of the nuclear lamina, a dense fibrillar network lining the inner nuclear membrane. Encoded by the LMNB1 gene, Lamin-B1 provides structural support to the nucleus and helps maintain its shape and stability. It also plays important roles in chromatin organization, gene regulation, and nuclear envelope assembly during mitosis. Lamin-B1 is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle, contributing to nuclear disassembly and reassembly. Dysregulation or mutations in LMNB1 have been associated with various diseases, including autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD), a rare neurological disorder characterized by progressive white matter degeneration. In cancer, aberrant expression of Lamin-B1 has been implicated in altered nuclear morphology and genome instability. Its multifunctional role in maintaining nuclear integrity and coordinating cellular processes underscores its significance in health and disease.
Prelamin-AC (LMNA LMNC) (Simulate)
LMNA encodes lamin A and lamin C, which are critical components of the nuclear lamina, a structural network lining the inner nuclear membrane. These proteins are produced through alternative splicing of the LMNA gene and contribute to nuclear integrity, chromatin organization, gene regulation, and nuclear-cytoskeletal interactions. Lamin A is synthesized as a precursor, prelamin A, which undergoes post-translational modifications, including farnesylation, before being processed into mature lamin A. Both lamin A and lamin C are essential for maintaining nuclear structure and facilitating cellular functions like DNA replication and repair. Mutations in LMNA are associated with a range of diseases collectively known as laminopathies, which include Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), characterized by premature aging due to accumulation of a defective prelamin A variant called progerin. Other laminopathies include cardiomyopathies, muscular dystrophies, and lipodystrophies, reflecting the diverse roles of LMNA in various tissues. Lamin A and C dysfunction can also contribute to altered nuclear mechanics and genomic instability, often seen in cancer. These proteins are central to understanding nuclear architecture and its implications for disease.
Nuclear pore complex protein (Nup88) (Inhibit)
Nup88 is a cytoplasm-facing nucleoporin that is crucial for nuclear export and NPC structural integrity. Its overexpression in cancers highlights its role in tumorigenesis, making it a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for malignancies. Inhibiting Nup88 could potentially be a therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, as Nup88 overexpression has been implicated in the progression and aggressiveness of various cancers. However, targeting Nup88 is complex due to its essential role in normal cellular function, particularly in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. However, Nup88 is integral to nuclear-cytoplasmic transport in normal cells. Its complete inhibition could disrupt the transport of vital molecules, leading to toxicity and affecting healthy cells.
Nuclear pore complex protein (Nup88) (Simulate)
Nup88 is a cytoplasm-facing nucleoporin that is crucial for nuclear export and NPC structural integrity. Its overexpression in cancers highlights its role in tumorigenesis, making it a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for malignancies. Inhibiting Nup88 could potentially be a therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, as Nup88 overexpression has been implicated in the progression and aggressiveness of various cancers. However, targeting Nup88 is complex due to its essential role in normal cellular function, particularly in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. However, Nup88 is integral to nuclear-cytoplasmic transport in normal cells. Its complete inhibition could disrupt the transport of vital molecules, leading to toxicity and affecting healthy cells.
Nucleoporin P85 (NUP85) (Simulate)
NUP85 (Nucleoporin 85) is a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a large protein assembly that regulates the bidirectional transport of macromolecules such as RNA and proteins between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NUP85 is part of the Y-complex (or Nup107-160 complex), which is a core structural subunit of the NPC. This complex plays a critical role in the assembly and stability of the NPC and contributes to nuclear envelope integrity. Beyond its role in nucleocytoplasmic transport, NUP85 is also involved in key cellular processes such as mitotic spindle assembly and chromatin organization. Dysregulation or mutations in NUP85 have been implicated in diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders, due to its impact on nuclear transport and genome stability. As an essential component of the NPC, NUP85 is a focal point for understanding how nuclear transport influences cellular function and disease.
NUP58 Nucleoporin p58 p45 (Simulate)
NUP58 (Nucleoporin 58) is a key component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which regulates the selective transport of macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm. NUP58 is part of the central channel of the NPC, where it works alongside other nucleoporins, such as NUP62 and NUP54, to form a dynamic and flexible structure that adjusts the size of the channel for different transport requirements. It is particularly involved in regulating the transport of large ribonucleoproteins and other macromolecules. NUP58 has a dynamic nature, undergoing conformational changes to facilitate efficient nucleocytoplasmic transport. Dysregulation or mutations in NUP58 can disrupt nuclear transport, leading to cellular dysfunction and contributing to diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Its role in maintaining the integrity and function of the NPC highlights its importance in both cellular homeostasis and disease pathology.
Nuclear pore complex protein Nup54 (Simulate)
NUP54 (Nucleoporin 54) is a core component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which mediates the selective transport of macromolecules like RNA and proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm. As part of the central channel of the NPC, NUP54 interacts closely with other nucleoporins, such as NUP58 and NUP62, forming a flexible and dynamic network that adjusts to the size and type of cargo being transported. This protein is integral to the transport of ribonucleoproteins, transcription factors, and other large macromolecules across the nuclear envelope. Beyond its transport function, NUP54 plays a role in maintaining nuclear-cytoplasmic homeostasis, which is critical for normal cellular function. Mutations or dysregulation of NUP54 have been linked to disrupted nuclear transport, genomic instability, and diseases such as cancer. Its central role in the NPC underscores its importance in cellular and nuclear integrity.
Nuclear pore complex protein (Nup50) (Simulate)
NUP50 (Nucleoporin 50) is a nucleoplasmic component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which regulates the bidirectional transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Unlike many other nucleoporins, NUP50 localizes to the nuclear side of the NPC and functions as a nuclear import cofactor. It plays a key role in recycling importin-a back to the cytoplasm after nuclear import by facilitating the disassembly of importin-cargo complexes. This activity is essential for maintaining efficient nuclear-cytoplasmic transport cycles. NUP50 also participates in cell cycle regulation and gene expression by interacting with regulatory proteins within the nucleus. Dysregulation of NUP50 has been associated with abnormalities in nuclear transport, leading to cellular dysfunctions and potential contributions to diseases such as cancer. Its critical role in nuclear import dynamics highlights its importance in ensuring proper cellular function and nuclear organization.
Nucleoporin (Nup43) (Simulate)
NUP43 (Nucleoporin 43) is a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which facilitates the selective transport of macromolecules such as RNA and proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. NUP43 is part of the Nup107-160 subcomplex (also known as the Y-complex), a critical structural unit of the NPC that contributes to its assembly and stability. This protein plays a vital role in nucleocytoplasmic transport, ensuring proper communication and material exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Additionally, NUP43 is involved in mitotic processes, such as spindle assembly and chromosome segregation during cell division. Dysregulation or mutations in NUP43 can disrupt nuclear transport and have been implicated in various diseases, including certain cancers and developmental disorders. Studying NUP43 enhances our understanding of NPC function and its impact on cellular physiology and disease pathology.
Nucleoporin (Nup37) (Simulate)
Nucleoporin Nup37 is a critical component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which regulates the selective exchange of macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nup37 is part of the Nup107-160 subcomplex (Y-complex), a major structural unit of the NPC that is essential for its assembly and stability. This protein plays important roles in nucleocytoplasmic transport and contributes to chromosome segregation and spindle assembly during mitosis, ensuring proper cell division. Mutations or dysregulation of Nup37 have been implicated in defects in nuclear transport, genomic instability, and developmental abnormalities. Emerging evidence also links altered Nup37 function to tumorigenesis, as disruptions in NPC dynamics can promote oncogenic processes. Nup37s role in maintaining nuclear structure and facilitating essential transport processes underscores its importance in cellular function and genome stability.
Nucleoporin (Nup35) (Simulate)
Nup35 (Nucleoporin 35), also known as Nucleoporin ALADIN, is a vital component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which mediates the selective transport of macromolecules such as RNA and proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nup35 is part of the inner ring structure of the NPC and plays a critical role in maintaining its overall architecture and integrity. It interacts closely with other nucleoporins, such as Nup93, to ensure the proper assembly and function of the NPC. Beyond its structural role, Nup35 is involved in cell cycle regulation and the spatial organization of chromatin, influencing gene expression and genomic stability. Mutations or dysregulation of Nup35 have been associated with diseases, including Achalasia-Addisonianism-Alacrima (Triple A) syndrome, due to its alternative name, ALADIN. This highlights its broader significance in both nuclear transport and cellular homeostasis. Studying Nup35 contributes to understanding how NPC components influence cellular physiology and disease mechanisms.
Nucleoporin (Nup214) (Simulate)
Nup214 is a cytoplasm-facing nucleoporin essential for mRNA and protein export, structural integrity of the NPC, and cell cycle regulation. Its involvement in diseases such as leukemia and cancer underscores its importance in cellular homeostasis and makes it a potential target for therapeutic intervention in related pathologies.
Nucleoporin (Nup214) (Inhibit)
Nup214 is a cytoplasm-facing nucleoporin essential for mRNA and protein export, structural integrity of the NPC, and cell cycle regulation. Its involvement in diseases such as leukemia and cancer underscores its importance in cellular homeostasis and makes it a potential target for therapeutic intervention in related pathologies.
Nuclear pore membrane glycoprotein 210-like (NUP210L) (Simulate)
Nuclear pore membrane glycoprotein 210-like (NUP210L) is a protein thought to play a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which regulates the transport of macromolecules such as RNA and proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm. While its function is less well-characterized compared to other nucleoporins, NUP210L is believed to share similarities with NUP210 (gp210), a transmembrane glycoprotein critical for NPC structural integrity and nuclear envelope assembly. NUP210L may be involved in processes such as nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, nuclear envelope stability, and chromatin organization. Preliminary studies suggest that it could have specialized roles in certain cell types or under specific conditions, potentially contributing to cellular differentiation and tissue-specific functions. Dysregulation of related nucleoporins like NUP210 has been associated with diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders, making NUP210L a potential subject of interest for further research into NPC-related pathologies.
Beta nerve growth factor (NGF) (Simulate)
Beta nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that plays a critical role in the growth, survival, and maintenance of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a member of the neurotrophin family and acts by binding to specific receptors, such as TrkA (tropomyosin receptor kinase A) and p75NTR, on the surface of target cells. NGF promotes neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and repair, making it essential for the development and functionality of the nervous system. Beyond its role in neural health, NGF also influences processes like pain modulation, immune system regulation, and wound healing. Dysregulation of NGF levels has been implicated in various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimers disease), chronic pain syndromes, and inflammatory disorders. Because of its multifaceted role, NGF is a focus of therapeutic research for treating neurological and inflammatory conditions, as well as promoting tissue regeneration.
Human Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG2) (Inhibit)
Tissue Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is implicated in a wide range of diseases, from autoimmune disorders like celiac disease to neurodegeneration, cancer, and fibrosis. Its multifunctional role in cellular processes makes it a significant therapeutic target for multiple conditions.
GH3 domain-containing protein (Simulate)
GH-3 is an anti-aging supplement that supports mental clarity, cognitive function, and overall vitality. It contains a blend of natural ingredients designed to enhance brain health and promote youthful energy. GH-3 is also said to enhance the mental activity of the brain, giving a person an all around feeling of well-being.| Source: https://brainpower.org/reviews/gh-3-review/.
Displays several functions associated with host defense: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling, phagocytosis and complement fixation through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine. Can interact with DNA and histones and may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells.| Source: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P02741/entry#sequences| Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a retinal degenerative disease, is the leading cause of central vision loss among the elderly population in developed countries and an increasing global burden. The major risk is aging, compounded by other environmental factors and association with genetic variants for risk of progression. Although the etiology of AMD is not yet clearly understood, several pathogenic pathways have been proposed, including dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The identification of AMD susceptibility genes encoding complement factors and the presence of complement and other inflammatory mediators in drusen, the hallmark deposits of AMD, support the concept that local inflammation and immune-mediated processes play a key role in AMD pathogenesis that may be accelerated through systemic immune activation. In this regard, increased levels of circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with higher risk of AMD. Besides being a risk marker for AMD, CRP may also play a role in the progression of the disease as it has been identified in drusen, and we have recently found that its monomeric form (mCRP) induces blood retinal barrier disruption in vitro. In this review, we will address recent evidence that links CRP and AMD pathogenesis, which may open new therapeutic opportunities to prevent the progression of AMD. | Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00808/full.
Thymocyte nuclear protein 1 (THYN1) (Simulate)
Specifically binds 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), suggesting that it acts as a specific reader of 5hmC.| This gene encodes a protein that is highly conserved among vertebrates and plant species and may be involved in the induction of apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]| Source: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AU/en/genes/thyn1srsltid=AfmBOooxzv4jusFzJNvuUH3UErm7mGJ716Yf30oJ7_vsPvDsAUQDgdsT.
Enhancer-Binding Protein Alpha (CEBPA CCAAT) (Simulate)
Isoform 4: Directly and specifically enhances ribosomal DNA transcription interacting with RNA polymerase I-specific cofactors and inducing histone acetylation.| NCBI Gene Summary for CEBPA Gene This intronless gene encodes a transcription factor that contains a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain and recognizes the CCAAT motif in the promoters of target genes. The encoded protein functions in homodimers and also heterodimers with CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins beta and gamma. Activity of this protein can modulate the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation as well as in body weight homeostasis. Mutation of this gene is associated with acute myeloid leukemia. The use of alternative in-frame non-AUG (GUG) and AUG start codons results in protein isoforms with different lengths. Differential translation initiation is mediated by an out-of-frame, upstream open reading frame which is located between the GUG and the first AUG start codo ns. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013].
Enhancer-Binding Protein Beta (CEBPB CCAAT) (Simulate)
Isoform 3: Acts as a dominant negative through heterodimerization with isoform 2 (PubMed:11741938).| Promotes osteoblast differentiation and osteoclastogenesis.
Enhancer-Binding Protein Delta (CEBPD CCAAT) (Inhibit)
Transcription activator that recognizes two different DNA motifs: the CCAAT homology common to many promoters and the enhanced core homology common to many enhancers (PubMed:16397300). Important transcription factor regulating the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses (PubMed:1741402, PubMed:16397300).| Transcriptional activator that enhances IL6 transcription alone and as heterodimer with CEBPB (PubMed:1741402).| Diseases associated with CEBPD include Hematologic Cancer and Speech And Communication Disorders. Among its related pathways are Infectious disease and IL-17 Family Signaling Pathways.nesis.
Enhancer-Binding Protein Epsilon (CEBPE CCAAT) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with CEBPE include Specific Granule Deficiency 1 and Immunodeficiency 108 With Autoinflammation.| Function:| Transcriptional activator (PubMed:26019275). C/EBP are DNA-binding proteins that recognize two different motifs: the CCAAT homology common to many promoters and the enhanced core homology common to many enhancers. Required for the promyelocyte-myelocyte transition in myeloid differentiation (PubMed:10359588).
Enhancer-Binding Protein Gamma (CEBPG CCAAT) (Simulate)
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter and the enhancer regions of target genes. Binds to the enhancer element PRE-I (positive regulatory element-I) of the IL-4 gene (PubMed:7665092).| Binds to the promoter and the enhancer of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Binds to GPE1, a cis-acting element in the G-CSF gene promoter.
Enhancer-Binding Protein Zeat (CEBPZ CCAAT) (Simulate)
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter and the enhancer regions of target genes. Binds to the enhancer element PRE-I (positive regulatory element-I) of the IL-4 gene (PubMed:7665092).| Binds to the promoter and the enhancer of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Binds to GPE1, a cis-acting element in the G-CSF gene promoter.
CEFIP Cardiac-enriched FHL2-interacting protein (Simulate)
Plays an important role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via activation of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway.| Diseases associated with C10orf71 include Microphthalmia, Syndromic 2 and Cataract.| Introduction: Cardiac-enriched FHL2-interacting protein (CEFIP) is a recently identified protein, first found in the z-disc of striated muscles, and related to cardiovascular diseases. Our objectives are: 1) to quantify CEFIP in saliva in healthy 7-9 years old school-children; and 2) to assess the associations of salivary CEFIP concentration and blood pressure, physical (in)activity and physical fitness in these children. Cardiac-enriched FHL2-interacting protein (CEFIP) is encoded by the c10orf71 gene on chromosome 10. CEFIP is a recently identified protein found in the z-disc of striated muscles (1, 2). The z-disc is a structural component of both, cardiac and skeletal muscles, placed at the lateral borders of the sarcomere (3). The main function of the z-d isc is providing contractility and mechanical stability of striated muscles (4). According to previous evidence which is scarce, CEFIP belongs to a group of highly dynamic z-disc proteins involved in cardiomyocyte and myofibrillar function, mechanosensing and signaling (1, 4). It has been reported that increased CEFIP concentration in cardiac muscle can be observed in various cardiovascular diseases (1). Authors of the previous study described that CEFIP is up-regulated in murine models of heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy, as well as in human ischemic patients, and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy | https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/en. 92653/full.
CEL Bile salt-activated lipase (Simulate)
Catalyzes fat and vitamin absorption. Acts in concert with pancreatic lipase and colipase for the complete digestion of dietary triglycerides. Diseases associated with CEL include Maturity-Onset Diabetes Of The Young, Type 8, With Exocrine Dysfunction and Maturity-Onset Diabetes Of The Young.| Use of bile salt-activated lipase as dietary supplement| https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0605913A1/en.
Liver carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) (Simulate)
Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. Hydrolyzes aromatic and aliphatic esters, but has no catalytic activity toward amides or a fatty acyl-CoA ester. Hydrolyzes the methyl ester group of cocaine to form benzoylecgonine. Catalyzes the transesterification of cocaine to form cocaethylene. Displays fatty acid ethyl ester synthase activity, catalyzing the ethyl esterification of oleic acid to ethyloleate.| This gene encodes a member of the carboxylesterase large family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They may participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. This enzyme is the major liver enzyme and functions in liver drug clearance. Mutations of this gene cause carboxylest erase 1 deficiency. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]| https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.plgene=CES1.
Carboxylesterase 3 (CES3) (Simulate)
Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. |Shows low catalytic efficiency for hydrolysis of CPT-11 (7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]-carbonyloxycamptothecin), a prodrug for camptothecin used in cancer therapeutics.
Carboxylesterase 4A (CES4A) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with CES4A include Cauda Equina Syndrome and Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, Type 1. Among its related pathways is Nuclear receptors meta-pathway. This gene encodes a member of the carboxylesterase large family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They also participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. This gene, also called CES6, encodes a secreted enzyme, and may play a role in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics in neural and other tissues of the body and in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Carboxylesterase 5A (CES5A) (Simulate)
Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs.| This gene encodes a member of the carboxylesterase large family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They also participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. This gene, also called CES5, is predominantly expressed in peripheral tissues, including brain, kidney, lung and testis. It encodes a secreted enzyme. Because of high levels in the urine of male domestic cats, this enzyme is also called cauxin (carboxylesterase-like urinary excreted protein). The enzyme functions in regulating the production of a pheromone precursor and may contribute to lipid and cholesterol transfer processes within male reproductive fluids. Multiple transcript variants encodi ng different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]: Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/221223.
Activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 AMBRA1) (Inhibit)
Enables GTPase binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Involved in macroautophagy; positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity; and response to mitochondrial depolarisation. Located in cytosol. Colocalizes with mitochondrion. Biomarker of multiple system atrophy.|| Regulates autophagy and development of the nervous system. Involved in autophagy in controlling protein turnover during neuronal development, and in regulating normal cell survival and proliferation.| Diseases associated with AMBRA1 include Liver Carcinoma In Situ and Myopathy, X-Linked, With Excessive Autophagy. Among its related pathways are Alzheimer's disease and miRNA effects and Selective autophagy.| Source: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. ene=AMBRA1.
AMELX Amelogenin, X isoform (Simulate)
Plays a role in biomineralization. Seems to regulate the formation of crystallites during the secretory stage of tooth enamel development. Thought to play a major role in the structural organization and mineralization of developing enamel. AMELX (Amelogenin X-Linked) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with AMELX include Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Type Ie and Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Among its related pathways are Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) and Metabolism of proteins.| Source:https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. gene=AMELX| The Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide Alters the Amelogenin Null Enamel Phenotype.| Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. _Phenotype.
AMELY Amelogenin, Y isoform (Simulate)
Plays a role in biomineralization. Seems to regulate the formation of crystallites during the secretory stage of tooth enamel development. Thought to play a major role in the structural organization and mineralization of developing enamel.
Zinc finger protein 90 (ZNF90) (Simulate)
May be involved in transcriptional regulation.| ZNF90+ fibroblasts act as potential drivers behind repigmentation in ACEG under SFF conditions. This study provides translational insights into ACEG repigmentation and potential therapeutic targets for vitiligo.| Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Nov 2024] Expression Ubiquitous expression in ovary (RPKM 9.1), lymph node (RPKM 5.0) and 25 other tissues.| Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geneDb=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=7643.
Zinc finger protein 91 (ZNF91) (Simulate)
Transcription factor specifically required to repress SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposons: recognizes and binds SVA sequences and represses their expression by recruiting a repressive complex containing TRIM28/KAP1 (PubMed:25274305). May also bind the promoter of the FCGR2B gene, leading to repress its expression; however, additional evidence is required to confirm this result in vivo (PubMed:11470777). Diseases associated with ZNF91 include Neurodevelopmental Disorder With Cataracts, Poor Growth, And Dysmorphic Facies and Vestibulocochlear Nerve Disease.
Zinc finger protein 92 (ZNF92) (Simulate)
May be involved in transcriptional regulation. Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. Predicted to be located in nucleus|. ZNF92, an unexplored transcription factor with remarkably distinct breast cancer over-expression associated with prognosis and cell-of-origin Source:.https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. -of-origin.
Zinc finger protein 93 (ZNF93) (Simulate)
Transcription factor specifically required to repress long interspersed nuclear element 1 (L1) retrotransposons: recognizes and binds L1 sequences and repress their expression by recruiting a repressive complex containing TRIM28/KAP1 (PubMed:25274305). Not able to repress expression of all subtypes of L1 elements. Binds to the 5' end of L1PA4, L1PA5 and L1PA6 subtypes, and some L1PA3 subtypes. Does not bind to L1PA7 or older subtypes nor at the most recently evolved L1PA2 and L1Hs. 50% of L1PA3 elements have lost the ZNF93-binding site, explaining why ZNF93 is not able to repress their expression|| (PubMed:25274305). An evolutionary arms race between KRAB zinc-finger genes ZNF91/93 and SVA/L1 retrotransposons.| Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. ransposons.
Zinc finger protein 139 (ZNF139) (Simulate)
An evolutionary arms race between KRAB zinc-finger genes ZNF91/93 and SVA/L1 retrotransposons https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. ransposons| Summary:| Throughout evolution, primate genomes have been modified by waves of retrotransposon insertions1,2,3. For each wave, the host eventually finds a way to repress retrotransposon transcription and prevent further insertions. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), transcriptional silencing of retrotransposons requires TRIM28 (KAP1) and its repressive complex, which can be recruited to target sites by KRAB zinc finger proteins such as murine- specific ZFP809 which binds to integrated murine leukemia virus DNA elements and recruits KAP1 to repress them4,5. KZNF genes are one of the fastest growing gene families in primates and this expansion is hypothesized to enable primates to respond to newly emerged retrotransposons6,7. However, the identity of KZNF genes battling retrotransposons currently active in the human genome, such as SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA)8 and Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (L1)9, is unknown.
This a synthetic peptide that repeats a part of a sequence (Gly-Glu-Lys-Gly) of several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagens I, II, III, IV, V, elastin, and pro-elastin. It boosts collagen, hyaluronic acid, and fibronectin production by dermal fibroblasts.| It is scientifically proven that fragments of ECM proteins (breakdown product peptides) stimulate regenerative and wound-healing processes in the skin. Tetrapeptide-21 is one of the most effective peptides, which enhances gene expression responsible for collagen production up to 2.5-fold.| In addition, GEKG-peptide increases the expression of genes responsible for the production of other important ECM components, including proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Increased hyaluronic acid binds more water molecules, providing adequate hydration, enhanced skin elasticity, and additional volume.| Thanks to the additional production of Fibronectin glycoprotein, Tetrapeptide-21 improves t he linking ECM components (such as hyaluronic acid, collagen, and elastin) like a network exposing the skin's firmer, supple, youthful appearance.| Tetrapeptide-21 is a safe and effective anti-aging ingredient. Incorporated in skin care applications, it improves the overall condition and structure of the skin, fights against fine lines and deep wrinkles, and lessens roughness.
Zinc finger protein 98 (ZNF98) (Simulate)
May be involved in transcriptional regulation. Diseases associated with ZNF98 include Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Vascular Type.
Zinc finger protein 99 (ZNF99) (Simulate)
May be involved in transcriptional regulation.| Diseases associated with ZNF99 include Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Among its related pathways is Gene expression (Transcription). Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include nucleic acid binding.
NFX1-type zinc finger-containing protein 1 (ZNFX1) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with ZNFX1 include Immunodeficiency 91 And Hyperinflammation and Immunodeficiency 29. Among its related pathways is Regulation of Telomerase.| ZNFX-1 Functions within Perinuclear Nuage to Balance Epigenetic Signals| Sourcehttps://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/ful. 18)30279-X| ZNFX1 promotes AMPK-mediated autophagy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by stabilizing mRNA| Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. otes_AMPK_ mediated_autophagy_against_Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_by_stabilizing_mRNA| Inherited deficiency of stress granule ZNFX1 in patients with monocytosis and mycobacterial disease| Source:https://hal.science/hal-03371686/document.
Zinc finger HIT domain-containing protein 1 (ZNHIT1) (Simulate)
Seems to play a role in p53-mediated apoptosis induction. Binds to NR1D2 and relieves it of its inhibitory effect on the transcription of APOC3 without affecting its DNA-binding activity.| Plays a role in chromatin remodeling by promoting the incorporation of histone variant H2AZ1/H2A.Z into the genome to regulate gene expression.| Source: (PubMed:20473270, 35175558). |Promotes SRCAP complex-mediated deposition of histone variant H2AZ1 to lymphoid fate regulator genes, enhancing lymphoid lineage commitment. Recruited to the promoter of the transcriptional activator MYOG at the early stages of muscle differentiation where it mediates binding of histone H2AZ1 to chromatin and induces muscle-specific gene expression.| Source: (PubMed:20473270).| Maintains hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence by determining the chromatin accessibility at distal enhancers of HSC quiescence genes such as PTEN, FSTL1 and KLF4, enhancing deposition of H2AZ1 to promote their sustained transcription and restricting PI3K-AKT signaling inhibition.| Plays a role in intestinal stem cell maintenance by promoting H2AZ1 deposition at the transcription start sites of genes involved in intestinal stem cell fate determination including LGR5, TGFB1 and TGFBR2, thereby contributing to gene transcription.| Promotes phosphorylation of the H2AZ1 chaperone VPS72/YL1 which enhances the interaction between HZAZ1 and VPS72.| Regulates the entry of male germ cells into meiosis by controlling histone H2AZ1 deposition which facilitates the expression of meiotic genes such as MEIOSIN, leading to the initiation of meiosis.| Required for postnatal heart function through its role in maintenance of cardiac Ca(2+) homeostasis by modulating the expression of Ca(2+)-regulating proteins CASQ1 and ATP2A2/SERCA2A via deposition of histone H2AZ1 at their promoters (By s imilarity). During embryonic heart development, required for mitochondrial maturation and oxidative metabolism by functioning through H2AZ1 deposition to activate transcription of metabolic genes and is also required to maintain the stability of the respiratory complex.| In neural cells, increases deposition of the H2AZ1 histone variant and promotes neurite growth.| Source: (PubMed:35175558).| Plays a role in TP53/p53-mediated apoptosis induction by stimulating the transcriptional activation of several proapoptotic p53 target genes such as PMAIP1/NOXA and BBC3/PUMA.| Source:(PubMed:17380123).| Mediates cell cycle arrest induced in response to gamma-irradiation by enhancing recruitment of TP53/p53 to the promoter of the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1A, leading to its transcriptional activation.| Source: (PubMed:17700068). | Recruited to the promoter of cyclin-dependent kinase CDK6 and inhibits its transcription, possibly by d ecreasing the acetylation level of histone H4, leading to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Plays a role in lens fiber cell differentiation by regulating the expression of cell cycle regulator CDKN1A/p21Cip1. Binds to transcriptional repressor NR1D2 and relieves it of its inhibitory effect on the transcription of apolipoprotein APOC3 without affecting its DNA-binding activity.| Source: (PubMed:17892483). ( ZNHI1_HUMAN,O43257).
Zinc finger HIT domain-containing protein 2 (ZNHIT2) (Simulate)
May act as a bridging factor mediating the interaction between the R2TP/Prefoldin-like (R2TP/PFDL) complex and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U5 snRNP).| Source:(PubMed:28561026).| Required for the interaction of R2TP complex subunit RPAP3 and prefoldin-like subunit URI1 with U5 snRNP proteins EFTUD2 and PRPF8.| Source:(PubMed:28561026).| May play a role in regulating the composition of the U5 snRNP complex.| Source (PubMed:28561026). ( ZNHI2_HUMAN,Q9UHR6 )| CryoEM of RUVBL1RUVBL2ZNHIT2, a complex that interacts with pre-mRNA-processing-splicing factor 8.| Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. g_factor_8.
Zinc finger HIT domain-containing protein 3 (ZNHIT3) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with ZNHIT3 include Peho Syndrome and Primary Lymphedema. Among its related pathways is 17q12 copy number variation syndrome.
Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) (Simulate)
Involved in endochondral bone formation as negative regulator of bone mineralization.| Stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis. Inhibits MMP9 proteolytic activity.| Diseases associated with ECM1 include Lipoid Proteinosis Of Urbach And Wiethe and Inflammatory Bowel Disease| Importance of Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 (ECM1) in Maintaining the Functional Integrity of the Human Skin.| Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. Human_Skin.
Extracellular matrix protein 2 (ECM2) (Simulate)
Promotes matrix assembly and cell adhesiveness.| Diseases associated with ECM2 include Fraser Syndrome 1. Among its related pathways are Integrin Pathway and ERK Signaling.| Matrix glycoprotein SC1/ECM2 augments B lymphopoiesis.| Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio. phopoiesis.
C3C5 convertase (CO2_HUMAN) (Simulate)
CO2_HUMAN Protein Complement C2|Component C2 which is part of the classical pathway of the complement system is cleaved by activated factor C1 into two fragments: C2b and C2a. C2a, a serine protease, then combines with complement factor C4b to generate the C3 or C5 convertase.| Involvement in disease| Macular degeneration, age-related, 14 (ARMD14) Sequence & Isoforms: Source: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P0668. #sequences https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P06681/entry| Age-related maculopathy susceptibility protein 2| Source: https://alphafold.com/entry/P0C7Q2.
P0C7Q2 - ARMS2_HUMAN (Simulate)
Age-related maculopathy susceptibility protein 2| Macular degeneration, age-related, 8 (ARMD8)| A form of age-related macular degeneration, a multifactorial eye disease and the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the developed world. In most patients, the disease is manifest as ophthalmoscopically visible yellowish accumulations of protein and lipid that lie beneath the retinal pigment epithelium and within an elastin-containing structure known as Bruch membrane.| Source: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P0C7Q2/entry.
L-Valyl-L-tryptophan (Dipeptide-2) (Simulate)
Dipeptide-2 is a biologically active peptide with the sequence Val-Trp (VW) that can inhibit both Angiotensin Converting Enzymes (ACE I and II) which regulate the volume of fluids in the body. This is a perfect property for preparations where liquid drenage or ehancement of circulation is needed.| Dipeptide-2 is a safe ingredient that can effectively eliminate edema, eye bags, and puffiness. It increases lymphatic and blood circulation providing a decongestant effect that is in demand for advanced eye care applications.| Working sinergically with other peptides, Dipeptide-2 found its place in famous peptide-based complexes like Eyeliss used in many bestselling products.
Ras-related protein Rab-12 (RAB12) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with RAB12 include Parkinson's Disease :!: and Warburg Micro Syndrome 1. Among its related pathways are Vesicle-mediated transport and Rab regulation of trafficking.| Function| The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. That Rab may play a role in protein transport from recycling endosomes to lysosomes regulating, for instance, the degradation of the transferrin receptor. Involved in autophagy.| Enables GDP binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including cellular response to insulin stimulus; endosome to lysosome transport; and secretion by cell. Predicted to act upstream of or within cellular response to interferon-gamma. Predicted to be located in lysosome; phagocytic vesicle; and recycling endosome membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi apparatus; cytoplasmic vesicle; and plasma membrane.| Source:https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/cardd. gene=RAB12.
This gene encodes a protein that is highly expressed in osteosarcomas. This protein binds to the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a key regulator of the hypoxic response and angiogenesis, and promotes the degradation of one of its subunits. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.| Diseases associated with OS9 include Encephalopathy, Familial, With Neuroserpin Inclusion Bodies and Fibrosarcomatous Osteosarcoma.| Among its related pathways are Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation and Calnexin/calreticulin cycle.| Function| Lectin which functions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). May bind terminally misfolded non-glycosylated proteins as well as improperly folded glycoproteins, retain them in the ER, and possibly transfer them to the ubiquitination machinery and promote their degradation. Possible targets include TRPV4.
Osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor (OSCAR) (Simulate)
Diseases associated with OSCAR include Mucinous Tubular And Spindle Renal Cell Carcinoma and Decubitus Ulcer. Among its related pathways are Innate Immune System and Class I MHC mediated antigen processing and presentation.| Function| Regulator of osteoclastogenesis which plays an important bone-specific function in osteoclast differentiation.| Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that resorb bone and are essential for bone homeostasis. This gene encodes an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), which is a member of the leukocyte receptor complex protein family that plays critical roles in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The encoded protein may play a role in oxidative stress-mediated atherogenesis as well as monocyte adhesion. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Oxysterol-binding protein 1 (OSBP) (Simulate)
Oxysterol binding protein is an intracellular protein that is believed to transport sterols from lysosomes to the nucleus where the sterol down-regulates the genes for the LDL receptor, HMG-CoA reductase, and HMG synthetase| Diseases associated with OSBP include Deafness, Autosomal Dominant 67 and Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis. Among its related pathways are Bile acid and bile salt metabolism and Sphingolipid metabolism.| Function| Lipid transporter involved in lipid countertransport between the Golgi complex and membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum: specifically exchanges sterol with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), delivering sterol to the Golgi in exchange for PI4P, which is degraded by the SAC1/SACM1L phosphatase in the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:24209621)| Binds cholesterol and a range of oxysterols including 25-hydroxycholesterol (PubMed:15746430, PubMed:17428193).| Cholesterol binding promotes the formation of a complex with PP2A and a tyrosine phosphatase which dephosphorylates ERK1/2, whereas 25-hydroxycholesterol causes its disassembly (PubMed:15746430). Regulates cholesterol efflux by decreasing ABCA1 stability.(PubMed:18450749).|.
Clock Circadian Regulator (Simulate)
Transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, and renal function. Consists of two major components: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. Both the central and peripheral clocks can be reset by environmental cues, also known as Zeitgebers (German for 'timegivers'). The predominant Zeitgeber for the central clock is light, whi ch is sensed by retina and signals directly to the SCN. The central clock entrains the peripheral clocks through neuronal and hormonal signals, body temperature and feeding-related cues, aligning all clocks with the external light/dark cycle. Circadian rhythms allow an organism to achieve temporal homeostasis with its environment at the molecular level by regulating gene expression to create a peak of protein expression once every 24 hours to control when a particular physiological process is most active with respect to the solar day.| Source: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O15516/entry| See also: https://www.spooky2.com/forums/viewtopic.phpt=17328&start=525#p193140.
Regards,
John White
To request an audio not available above, please submit the form on the right.
(Note: All fields need to be completed in full.)
Disclaimer:
The audio files provided on this website are for personal experimental use only. John White and Cancer Clinic NZ Ltd (hereafter collectively referred to as CCNZ) ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE for any damage or injuries of any sort or form that may be sustained by any person or persons, any animal, or to any equipment or any other thing or things. The audio files created by CCNZ have not been studied or approved by any governmental or medical agency or inspection service. No medical claims are made for, nor implied by CCNZ.
You are advised to always consult with your physician or other health care professional at any time should you have or think you might have a health problem. Please check with your physician or other health care professional before starting any diet, exercise, taking over-the-counter (OTC) medications or supplements and especially before taking any prescribed medication. Never stop taking any prescribed medications without first consulting your physician. Please seek the advice of your doctor or healthcare professional before listening to the audio files on this website.
Audio for Proteins, Peptides, DNA, RNA and More
